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  • Introduction
    • SingleStore Documentation
    • How SingleStore DB Works
      • Data Ingestion
      • Highly Compatible
      • Durable and Redundant
      • Deploy anywhere
      • Analyzing Data
      • High-Performance for OLTP and OLAP Workloads
    • Distributed Architecture
      • Design Principles
      • Cluster Components
        • Interaction of Cluster Components
          • Flexible Parallelism
            • Sharding
              • Distributed DML Query Execution
                • Distributed Joins
                  • Write Queries
                    • Distributed SQL Surface Area
                    • High Availability
                  • Unsupported MySQL Features
                    • Unsupported Feature List
                    • Behavior Differences
                  • SingleStore DB Editions
                    • FAQs
                      • General
                        • What are license units and how do they apply to my cluster?
                        • What is the relationship between SingleStore DB and MySQL?
                        • Why do I see the MemSQL version as 5.5.8, even though that’s not the version of MemSQL I installed?
                        • Is SingleStore DB vulnerable to MySQL server security issues?
                        • Is SingleStore DB a row-based or column-based store?
                        • How does SingleStore DB’s in-memory lock-free storage engine work?
                        • What is the advantage of SingleStore DB over traditional databases like Oracle, SQL Server or MySQL with data in a “ramdisk” or large buffer pools?
                        • What is the advantage of SingleStore DB over other distributed databases?
                        • What is SingleStore not for?
                      • Clustering
                        • How does SingleStore DB shard tables?
                        • What are aggregator and leaf nodes?
                        • What is a “Master Aggregator”?
                        • What happens if the master aggregator crashes?
                        • How do I add nodes to SingleStore DB?
                        • How many aggregator and leaf nodes do I need?
                        • Can I query the leaf nodes individually?
                        • After I ran a single host install, why are there 2 SingleStore DB nodes (or 4 SingleStore DB processes) running?
                      • Query Compilation
                        • Why does CREATE TABLE take so long in SingleStore DB?
                        • Why do SingleStore DB queries typically run faster the second time they are executed?
                        • How much can you change a query before it needs to be recompiled?
                      • Query Execution
                        • Can I JOIN multiple sharded tables in a query?
                        • Can I optimize a distributed join involving a small, static table?
                        • Why do I get errors about UNIQUE KEYs?
                      • Durability
                        • What is the durability guaranteed by SingleStore DB?
                        • Can I configure SingleStore DB to be fully durable?
                        • What isolation levels does SingleStore DB provide?
                      • Deployment and Management
                        • How can I get a copy of SingleStore DB?
                        • Does SingleStore DB run in the cloud?
                        • Does SingleStore DB run on Windows?
                        • What hardware is recommended for SingleStore DB?
                        • On which Linux distribution does SingleStore DB run best?
                        • How much disk space should I allocate for SingleStore DB?
                        • What happens if I run out of memory?
                        • What happens if I run out of disk space?
                      • SingleStore Tools
                        • What are SingleStore Tools?
                        • How do I switch over from MemSQL Ops to SingleStore Tools?
                        • Can I still use MemSQL Ops?
                        • When do I have to switch to Tools?
                      • Import and Backup
                        • How can I backup a SingleStore DB database?
                        • How can I import data from MySQL, Postgres, MS-SQL etc?
                        • How can I easily copy a table?
                        • How can I easily copy a database?
                        • Where are the important data files (recovery log, binary logs, snapshots, data files etc)?
                      • SingleStore DB and Spark
                        • How are SingleStore DB and Apache Spark related?
                        • What are the differences between SingleStore DB and Spark SQL?
                        • SQL Push Down
                      • Miscellaneous
                        • Does SingleStore DB support compression?
                        • Does SingleStore DB perform random IO?
                        • What are the index types SingleStore DB supports?
                  • Deploy
                    • Linux
                      • Kubernetes
                        • Introduction
                        • Prerequisites
                          • Kubernetes concepts
                          • kubectl
                          • Host requirements
                          • Host recommendations
                          • Docker Container Repository (Optional)
                        • Download the MemSQL Operator
                        • Create the Object Definition Files
                          • deployment.yaml
                          • rbac.yaml
                          • memsql-cluster-crd.yaml
                          • memsql-cluster.yaml
                        • Deploy a SingleStore DB Cluster
                          • Connect to Your Cluster
                          • Scaling and managing your cluster
                          • Deleting your cluster
                        • Next Steps
                      • Cluster in a Box
                        • Introduction
                          • Before You Begin
                        • Run the Container
                          • Start the Container
                        • Connect to your Cluster
                          • SingleStore DB Studio
                          • SingleStore client application
                          • Third-party client application
                          • Run Sample Queries
                        • Manage the Container
                          • Upgrade the SingleStore DB Docker Image
                          • Stop, Restart, or Remove the Image
                          • Access the Built-in SingleStore Tools
                        • Next Steps
                    • Connect to Your Cluster
                      • Client and Driver Downloads
                        • Connect with the SingleStore Client
                        • Connect to SingleStore using TLS/SSL
                        • Connect with DBeaver
                        • Connect with JetBrains DataGrip
                        • Connect with MySQL
                          • Connect with MySQL Client
                            • MySQL Command-Line Considerations
                            • Unsupported MySQL Features
                          • Connect with Any MySQL Compatible Tool to SingleStore
                            • MariaDB Command-line Client from MariaDB Server Version 10.3.12 (GPLv2)
                            • Connect with MySQL Workbench
                          • Connect with SQL Developer
                          • Connect with the SQL Editor
                          • Connect with Sequel Pro
                          • Connect with SQL Workbench
                          • Connect with HTTP API
                          • Connect to Your Cluster - Related Topics
                        • Create Your Database
                          • Create a Database
                          • Physical Database Schema Design
                            • Concepts of Physical Database Schema Design
                              • Choosing a Table Storage Type
                              • Rowstore
                              • Columnstore
                              • Understanding Keys and Indexes in SingleStore
                              • Understanding Shard Key Selection
                              • Understanding Clustered Columnstore Key Selection
                              • Understanding How Datatype Can Affect Performance
                              • Other Schema Concepts
                            • Procedures for Physical Database Schema Design
                              • Creating a Columnstore Table
                              • Detecting and Resolving Data Skew
                              • Optimizing Table Data Structures
                              • Specifying Unenforced Unique Constraints
                              • Using JSON
                              • Using Persistent Computed Columns
                            • Configuring the Columnstore to Work Effectively
                          • Integrate with SingleStore
                            • Load Data
                              • Load Data from a Data Source
                                • Load Data from Amazon Web Services (AWS)
                                  • Load Data from AWS Glue
                                  • Load Data from Amazon S3 using a Pipeline
                                • Load Data from Microsoft Azure
                                  • Load Data from Azure Blobs using a Pipeline
                                  • Load Data from Azure Data Factory (ADF)
                                  • Load Data from Azure Event Hubs
                                • Load Data from Data Virtuality Pipes
                                • Load Data from the Filesystem using a Pipeline
                                  • Filesystem Pipeline Quickstart
                                  • Prerequisites
                                  • Creating a SingleStore DB Database and Filesystem Pipeline
                                • Load Data from Google Cloud Storage (GCS) using a Pipeline
                                  • Prerequisites
                                  • Part 1: Creating a GCS Bucket and Adding a File
                                  • Part 2: Creating a SingleStore Database and GCS Pipeline
                                  • Next Steps
                                • Load Data from HDFS using a Pipeline
                                  • Creating and Starting an HDFS Pipeline
                                  • HDFS Pipeline Scenario
                                  • Enabling Wire Encryption and Kerberos on HDFS Pipelines
                                • Load Data from HVR
                                • Load Data from Informatica
                                  • Load Data from Informatica Cloud
                                • Load Data from Kafka
                                  • Securely Connect to Kafka from SingleStore
                                  • Load Data from the Confluent Kafka Connector
                                  • Load Data from Kafka Using a Pipeline
                                  • Test your Kafka Cluster using kcat (formerly kafkacat)
                                • Load Data from MySQL
                                • Load Data from Qlik Replicate
                                  • Using Qlik Replicate
                                • Load Data from Spark
                                  • Getting Started
                                  • Installation
                                  • Configuration Settings
                                  • Examples
                                  • Supported Operations
                                  • SQL Pushdown
                                  • Parallel Read Support
                                  • Load Balancing Requests
                                  • Data Type Conversions
                                  • Security and Permissions
                                  • Debugging
                                  • Migrate between SingleStore Spark Connector Versions
                                • Load Data from StreamSets
                                  • Prerequisites
                                  • Connecting StreamSets to SingleStore DB via Fast Loader
                                  • SingleStore DB Fast Loader vs the JDBC Connector
                                  • Error and Logs
                                  • Frequently Asked Questions
                                • Connect with Collibra Data Governance
                                  • Prerequisites
                                  • Connecting Collibra DGC to SingleStore DB
                                • SingleStore Replicate
                                  • Transform Data with dbt
                                  • Load a Type of Data
                                    • Loading Geospatial Data into SingleStore
                                    • Example: Loading TPC-H Data into SingleStore DB
                                      • What is TPC-H?
                                      • Before You Begin
                                      • Create the Database
                                      • Load Data with Pipelines
                                      • Verify Pipeline Success
                                      • Run Queries on Data
                                  • About Loading Data with Pipelines
                                    • Pipeline Concepts
                                      • Overview of Pipelines
                                      • Pipeline Data Sources and Formats
                                      • The Lifecycle of a Pipeline
                                      • Parallelized Data Extraction with Pipelines
                                      • Data Shaping with Pipelines
                                      • Avro Schema Evolution with Pipelines
                                    • Pipeline Procedures
                                      • Detect and Address Slow Performance and High Memory Usage of Pipelines
                                      • View and Handle Pipeline Errors
                                      • Writing a Transform to Use With a Pipeline
                                      • Writing Efficient Stored Procedures for Pipelines
                                  • Load Data - Related Topics
                                • Query Data
                                  • Connect with Analytics and BI Tools
                                    • Introduction
                                    • Connect with Dremio
                                      • Prerequisites
                                      • Configuring JARS and running Dremio
                                      • Connecting Dremio to SingleStore
                                      • Data Reflection and Query Acceleration
                                      • Best practices guide
                                    • Connect with Looker
                                      • Prerequisites
                                      • Connecting Looker to SingleStore DB
                                    • Connect with MicroStrategy
                                      • Connect with MicroStrategy
                                    • Connect with Power BI
                                      • Prerequisites
                                      • Data Connectivity Modes
                                      • Connect Power BI Desktop to SingleStore
                                      • Connect Power BI Service to SingleStore via Power BI Gateway
                                    • Connect with Sisense
                                      • Prerequisites
                                      • Connecting Sisense to SingleStore DB using ElastiCube Model
                                      • Connecting Sisense to SingleStore DB using Live Model
                                    • Connect with Tableau
                                      • Connect with Tableau
                                      • Connect with Tableau Prep
                                    • Connect with Tibco Spotfire
                                      • Prerequisites
                                      • Connect Tibco Spotfire to SingleStore
                                  • Query Concepts
                                    • Code Generation
                                      • Row Locking
                                      • Query Procedures
                                        • Basic Query Examples
                                        • Example: Building a Sample Stock Trade Database
                                          • Step 1: Create the database
                                          • Step 2: Load company profile data
                                          • Step 3: Create data generator functionality
                                          • Step 4: Generate trade data
                                          • Step 5: Run analytic queries
                                          • Query 1
                                          • Query 2
                                          • Query 3
                                          • Query 4
                                        • Performing Upserts
                                          • Read Query Results in Parallel
                                          • Run UPDATEs and DELETEs as Distributed Transactions
                                            • Query Performance Tools
                                              • Query Tuning
                                                • Testing Your Queries and Performance
                                                  • Troubleshooting Poorly Performing Queries
                                                  • Statistics and Sampling
                                                    • Statistics and Sampling Concepts
                                                      • Statistics and Sampling Tasks
                                                    • Manage Data
                                                      • Local and Unlimited Database Storage Concepts
                                                        • Benefits of Unlimited Storage
                                                        • Combining Unlimited and Local Storage Databases
                                                          • Unlimited Data Storage
                                                            • Attach an Unlimited Storage Database Using Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)
                                                              • Configure the Retention Period for an Unlimited Storage Database
                                                              • Offline Copy of an Unlimited Storage Database
                                                                • Online Copy of an Unlimited Storage Database
                                                                • Migrate a Local Storage Database to an Unlimited Storage Database
                                                                • Backing Up and Restoring Data
                                                                  • Back Up and Restore Data
                                                                  • Backup Information Schema Tables
                                                                  • Using Storage Repositories
                                                                    • Items Included in and Excluded from a Backup
                                                                    • Types of Backups
                                                                      • Full Backups
                                                                      • Incremental Backups on Columnstores
                                                                      • Clearing Backup History
                                                                      • Backup and Restore on Specific Systems
                                                                      • Verifying Full Backup Files
                                                                    • Lock-free Backups
                                                                      • Backups versus Snapshots
                                                                    • Exporting Data
                                                                      • Exporting a Single Database
                                                                      • Exporting All Databases
                                                                  • Developer Resources
                                                                    • Migrate Existing Applications
                                                                      • How to connect to SingleStore DB
                                                                      • Loading data into SingleStore DB
                                                                      • Porting Tables to SingleStore DB
                                                                        • Shard keys
                                                                        • Choosing a Shard Key
                                                                      • Transition from MySQL to SingleStore DB
                                                                        • Migrating Data with mysqldump
                                                                        • Transitioning Your Application
                                                                    • Connect with Application Development Tools
                                                                      • Connect with C/C++
                                                                        • MariaDB Connector/C (C/C++) Version 3.0.9 (LGPLv2.1)
                                                                      • Connect with C#/.NET
                                                                        • Connect with Go
                                                                          • Connect with Java/JDBC
                                                                            • The SingleStore JDBC Driver
                                                                            • MariaDB Connector/J (JDBC) Version 2.4.0 (LGPLv2.1)
                                                                            • JDBC Connector Setup Instructions With Optional GSSAPI
                                                                          • Connect with JavaScript
                                                                            • Connect with Node.js
                                                                            • Connect with Node.js using SSL
                                                                          • Connect with Laravel
                                                                          • Connect with ODBC
                                                                            • The SingleStore ODBC Driver
                                                                            • MariaDB Connector/ODBC Version 3.0.8 (LGPLv2.1)
                                                                            • MySQL Connector/ODBC Version 8.0.26 (GPLv2)
                                                                          • Connect with Perl
                                                                            • Connect with Perl
                                                                            • DBD-MariaDB Perl Library Version 1.11 (GPLv2)
                                                                          • Connect with PHP
                                                                          • Connect with Python
                                                                            • Python Client Library Setup Instructions
                                                                            • MySQL Connector/Python Version 2.1.7 (GPLv2)
                                                                            • MySQL Connector/Python Version 8.0.15 (GPLv2)
                                                                            • Connect with Standard Python
                                                                            • Connect with SQLAlchemy
                                                                          • Connect with Ruby
                                                                            • Connect with Standard Ruby
                                                                            • Connect with Ruby on Rails
                                                                          • Connect with Rust
                                                                          • Using Prepared Statements
                                                                        • Connect with HTTP API
                                                                        • Concurrent Multi-Insert Examples
                                                                          • Bash
                                                                          • C
                                                                          • C# / .NET Core
                                                                          • Java
                                                                          • Node.js
                                                                          • Python
                                                                        • Functional Extensions
                                                                          • Analyzing Time Series Data
                                                                            • Working with Full-Text Search
                                                                              • Working with Geospatial Features
                                                                                • Working with Window Functions
                                                                                • SQL Reference
                                                                                  • SQL Reference Overview
                                                                                • Procedural Extensions
                                                                                  • Performance
                                                                                  • Control Flow
                                                                                  • Additional Data Types
                                                                                  • Stored Procedures
                                                                                  • User-Defined Scalar-Valued Functions (UDFs)
                                                                                  • User-Defined Table-Valued Functions (TVFs)
                                                                                  • User-Defined Aggregate Functions (UDAFs)
                                                                                  • External Functions
                                                                                  • Static Parameterized SQL
                                                                                  • Dynamic SQL
                                                                                    • Example Dynamic SQL Use Cases
                                                                                    • Writing Dynamic SQL
                                                                                  • Procedural Extensions Security
                                                                                    • Application-Based User Security in Stored Procedures
                                                                                    • Security Models Used by Procedural Extensions
                                                                                  • Procedural SQL Reference
                                                                                  • See Also
                                                                                • Procedural SQL Reference
                                                                                • Get Started Using SingleStore DB for Free
                                                                                  • Sign Up for SingleStore DB
                                                                                  • Install Docker Desktop
                                                                                  • Create a Docker Compose File
                                                                                  • Start the SingleStore DB Cluster
                                                                                  • Start SingleStore DB Studio
                                                                                  • Next Steps
                                                                                  • See Also
                                                                                • User and Cluster Administration
                                                                                  • SingleStore DB User Management
                                                                                    • Configuring SingleStore DB user accounts
                                                                                      • Securing the initial SingleStore DB user accounts
                                                                                      • Adding a User
                                                                                      • Changing a Password for a User
                                                                                      • Removing a User
                                                                                      • Inspecting Permissions
                                                                                      • Setting a Failed Login Attempt Lockout Policy
                                                                                    • Synchronizing LDAP Users
                                                                                      • LDAP Operations
                                                                                      • Synchronization Rules
                                                                                      • Using the LDAP Tool
                                                                                      • Communication with LDAP Server
                                                                                      • Processing LDAP Search Results
                                                                                    • Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) Guide
                                                                                      • Role-based Operations
                                                                                      • Role Creation
                                                                                      • Account Creation
                                                                                      • Enable Strict Mode
                                                                                      • Set Strict Mode without Management Tools
                                                                                      • Remove Default and Low-level Accounts
                                                                                      • Appendix: Role-Based Access Control Command Reference
                                                                                  • Cluster Health and Performance
                                                                                    • Workload Profiling Overview
                                                                                      • Background
                                                                                      • Enable Advanced Counters
                                                                                      • Concepts
                                                                                    • Monitoring
                                                                                      • Components to Monitor
                                                                                      • Configure Alerts
                                                                                      • Configure Monitoring
                                                                                      • Configure Monitoring with Datadog
                                                                                    • Monitoring with SingleStore Studio
                                                                                      • Studio Connect Monitoring Guide
                                                                                      • Configure the Connection
                                                                                      • Additional Connection Examples
                                                                                  • High Availability and Disaster Recovery
                                                                                    • Replication and Durability Concepts
                                                                                      • Replication
                                                                                      • Durability
                                                                                      • Using Synchronous Replication and Synchronous Durability Together
                                                                                      • Using Asynchronous Replication with Synchronous Durability is not Allowed
                                                                                      • Replication and Durability Configuration
                                                                                      • Replication and Durability Error Handling
                                                                                    • Managing High Availability
                                                                                      • High Availability Architecture
                                                                                      • Enabling High Availability
                                                                                      • Disabling High Availability
                                                                                      • High Availability Commands
                                                                                    • Transaction Logs and Snapshots
                                                                                      • Usage
                                                                                      • Replay Configuration
                                                                                      • Storage Location
                                                                                      • Configuration
                                                                                      • Managing Disk Space Used by Transaction Logs
                                                                                      • Error Handling
                                                                                    • Replicating Data Across Clusters
                                                                                      • Replication Compatibility Between Different Cluster Versions
                                                                                      • Setting Up Replication
                                                                                      • Cluster Topology
                                                                                      • Pausing and Stopping Replication
                                                                                      • Cluster Failover
                                                                                      • Aggregator Failover
                                                                                      • Calculating Memory Allocation per Host in a Cluster
                                                                                      • Upgrading a Primary and Secondary Cluster
                                                                                      • Monitoring Replication
                                                                                      • Extracting Data From a Secondary Database
                                                                                    • Replicate an Unlimited Storage Database
                                                                                      • High Availability (HA)and Disaster Recovery (DR) FAQs
                                                                                    • Maintain Your Cluster
                                                                                      • Administering a Cluster
                                                                                        • Cluster Administration Commands
                                                                                        • Setting the Redundancy Level
                                                                                      • Changing an IP Address in a Rolling Fashion (no downtime for reads)
                                                                                      • Setting or Replacing a License
                                                                                        • Setting a license
                                                                                        • Determining capacity and usage for your license
                                                                                      • Managing Memory
                                                                                        • maximum_memory
                                                                                        • maximum_table_memory
                                                                                        • buffer_manager_cached_memory
                                                                                        • Addressing the “Maximum Table Memory” Error
                                                                                        • Out of Memory on Linux
                                                                                        • Freeing Table Memory
                                                                                        • Managing Plancache Memory Usage
                                                                                        • Changing SingleStore's Memory Limits After Modifying System Memory Capacity
                                                                                        • Changing the Memory Limit for Each Node After Installation
                                                                                      • Setting the Time Zone
                                                                                        • Setting the Time Zone on the Host (Linux OS)
                                                                                        • Setting the Time Zone in SingleStore DB
                                                                                        • Time Zone Engine Variables
                                                                                      • Rolling Restart in a Cluster
                                                                                      • Taking Leaves Offline without Cluster Downtime
                                                                                        • FAQs
                                                                                      • Taking Leaves Offline with Cluster Downtime
                                                                                      • Changing Leaf Nodes Pairing
                                                                                      • Changing the Default Data Directory Post Installation for a Leaf Node
                                                                                      • Startup Sequence and Process in a Cluster
                                                                                      • Resize Your Cluster
                                                                                        • Cluster Downsizing Steps
                                                                                          • Cluster Downsizing Steps
                                                                                        • Cluster Expansion Steps
                                                                                        • Upgrade or Uninstall SingleStore DB
                                                                                          • Upgrade SingleStore DB
                                                                                            • Upgrade to SingleStore DB 7.8
                                                                                              • Uninstall SingleStore DB
                                                                                                • Select a method to uninstall SingleStore DB
                                                                                            • Transition from MySQL to SingleStore DB
                                                                                              • Migrating Data with mysqldump
                                                                                              • Transitioning Your Application
                                                                                            • Troubleshooting
                                                                                              • Introduction
                                                                                                • 1. Identifying Expensive Queries
                                                                                                  • 2. Investigating Expensive Queries
                                                                                                    • 3. Are any queries waiting on something?
                                                                                                      • 4. Are key resources being overused?
                                                                                                        • 5. Are there other ongoing operational activities?
                                                                                                          • 6. Checking Node, Partition, and Overall Database Health
                                                                                                            • 7. Checking Partition Number and Data Skew
                                                                                                              • 8. Checking for System Changes and Log Hints
                                                                                                              • Use the Workload Manager and Set Resource Limits
                                                                                                                • Setting Resource Limits
                                                                                                                  • Creating a New Resource Pool
                                                                                                                  • Modifying an Existing Resource Pool
                                                                                                                  • The Built-in Resource Pools
                                                                                                                  • Setting the resource_pool Value
                                                                                                                  • Finding the Current resource_pool Value
                                                                                                                  • MV_RESOURCE_POOL_STATUS
                                                                                                                  • Query Execution Behavior
                                                                                                                  • Setting the Default Resource Pool for a User
                                                                                                                  • Changing the default resource pool for a user
                                                                                                                  • Selecting a Resource Pool Dynamically
                                                                                                                • Using the Workload Manager
                                                                                                                  • Configuring Workload Management
                                                                                                                  • Query Classification
                                                                                                                  • Queueing Policy
                                                                                                                  • Errors and Warnings
                                                                                                                  • Observing the Status of Workload Management
                                                                                                                • FAQs
                                                                                                              • Migrate from Ops to Tools
                                                                                                                • sudo
                                                                                                                  • Introduction
                                                                                                                  • Install SingleStore Tools
                                                                                                                  • Migrate Cluster
                                                                                                                  • Next Steps
                                                                                                                • non-sudo
                                                                                                                  • Introduction
                                                                                                                  • Install SingleStore Tools
                                                                                                                  • Migrate Cluster
                                                                                                                  • Next Steps
                                                                                                              • Cluster Management with Tools
                                                                                                                • SingleStore Tools Overview
                                                                                                                  • SingleStore Tools Installation
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Toolbox Installation
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Studio Installation
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore Client Installation
                                                                                                                  • SingleStore DB Toolbox
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Toolbox Command Auto-Completion
                                                                                                                    • sdb-toolbox-config
                                                                                                                    • sdb-deploy
                                                                                                                    • sdb-admin
                                                                                                                    • sdb-report
                                                                                                                    • memsqlctl
                                                                                                                  • SingleStore DB Studio Overview
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Studio Installation
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Studio Upgrade
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Studio Architecture
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Studio CLI
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Studio Security
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Studio Workload Monitoring
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Studio SQL Editor
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Studio Visual Explain
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Studio WebSocket Proxy
                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Studio Log Rotation
                                                                                                                  • SingleStore Client
                                                                                                                • Dedicated Admin Connections
                                                                                                                • Changing the Root Password
                                                                                                                • Recovering from Loss of Root Credentials
                                                                                                              • Reference
                                                                                                                • Configuration Reference
                                                                                                                  • Configuration Reference Overview
                                                                                                                  • Cluster Configuration
                                                                                                                    • Overview
                                                                                                                    • System Requirements and Recommendations
                                                                                                                    • Configuring SingleStore DB for NUMA
                                                                                                                    • AVX2 Instruction Set Verification
                                                                                                                    • AWS EC2 Best Practices
                                                                                                                    • Enable AWS CloudTrail Logs for extending the retention of logs
                                                                                                                    • Create a IAM Role
                                                                                                                    • Recommended Configurations to Tolerate Failure of a Cloud AZ or Nearby Data Center
                                                                                                                    • Feedback
                                                                                                                  • System Limits
                                                                                                                    • Cluster-Level Limits
                                                                                                                    • Database-Level Limits
                                                                                                                    • Table-Level Limits
                                                                                                                    • Naming Constraints
                                                                                                                  • Engine Variables
                                                                                                                    • Engine Variables
                                                                                                                    • List of Engine Variables
                                                                                                                    • memsql.cnf
                                                                                                                  • SingleStore DB Directory Layout
                                                                                                                  • SingleStore DB Server and memsqld
                                                                                                                    • memsqlctl
                                                                                                                      • Memsqlctl
                                                                                                                      • Memsqlctl Config File (memsqlctl.hcl)
                                                                                                                      • Memsqlctl State File (nodes.hcl)
                                                                                                                    • Toolbox
                                                                                                                      • Toolbox
                                                                                                                      • Toolbox Config File (toolbox.hcl)
                                                                                                                      • Toolbox State File (toolbox-state.hcl)
                                                                                                                      • SingleStore DB Toolbox and memsqlctl Differences
                                                                                                                  • MemSQL Operator Reference
                                                                                                                    • MemSQL Operator Reference Overview
                                                                                                                    • Additional Deployment Methods
                                                                                                                      • Helm Chart for IBM Cloud Pak for Data
                                                                                                                    • Advanced Service Configuration
                                                                                                                    • Apply Changes to a Cluster
                                                                                                                    • Backups
                                                                                                                      • Change the Admin Password
                                                                                                                        • Configure Core Dumps
                                                                                                                          • Enable Core Dumps
                                                                                                                          • Generate Core Dumps
                                                                                                                          • Core Dump Location
                                                                                                                        • Configure Liveness and Readiness Probes
                                                                                                                        • Configure TLS/SSL/WebSocket
                                                                                                                        • Delete the Cluster or Operator
                                                                                                                          • Disaster Recovery
                                                                                                                          • Generate Cluster Reports
                                                                                                                            • Global Variables
                                                                                                                            • MemSQL Pod Scheduling
                                                                                                                            • Monitor the Cluster
                                                                                                                              • Upload Metrics to Kafka
                                                                                                                            • Mount Additional ConfigMaps/Secrets
                                                                                                                              • Perform an Upgrade
                                                                                                                                • Upgrade the Operator
                                                                                                                                • Upgrade the SingleStore DB Engine
                                                                                                                              • Pull Images from a Private Registry
                                                                                                                              • Scale a Cluster
                                                                                                                                • Horizontal Scaling
                                                                                                                                • Vertical Scaling
                                                                                                                              • Set System Requirements
                                                                                                                              • Verify Cluster Stability
                                                                                                                                • View the Operator Logs
                                                                                                                              • SingleStore Tools Reference
                                                                                                                                • SingleStore Tools Reference
                                                                                                                                • Common Tools Commands
                                                                                                                                  • Common Tool Reference
                                                                                                                                  • env
                                                                                                                                  • help
                                                                                                                                  • version
                                                                                                                                • sdb-admin Commands
                                                                                                                                  • sdb-admin reference
                                                                                                                                  • add-aggregator
                                                                                                                                  • add-leaf
                                                                                                                                  • bootstrap-aggregator
                                                                                                                                  • change-root-password
                                                                                                                                  • configure-monitoring
                                                                                                                                  • create-backup
                                                                                                                                  • create-node
                                                                                                                                  • delete-backup
                                                                                                                                  • delete-node
                                                                                                                                  • describe-node
                                                                                                                                  • disable-nodes-autostart
                                                                                                                                  • dump
                                                                                                                                  • enable-high-availability
                                                                                                                                  • enable-http-api
                                                                                                                                  • enable-nodes-autostart
                                                                                                                                  • enable-systemd-client
                                                                                                                                  • list-backups
                                                                                                                                  • list-nodes
                                                                                                                                  • optimize
                                                                                                                                  • put-file
                                                                                                                                  • query
                                                                                                                                  • register-node
                                                                                                                                  • remove-aggregator
                                                                                                                                  • remove-leaf
                                                                                                                                  • restart-node
                                                                                                                                  • restore-backup
                                                                                                                                  • set-license
                                                                                                                                  • show-aggregators
                                                                                                                                  • show-cluster
                                                                                                                                  • show-leaves
                                                                                                                                  • show-license
                                                                                                                                  • snapshot-database
                                                                                                                                  • start-monitoring
                                                                                                                                  • start-node
                                                                                                                                  • state
                                                                                                                                  • stop-monitoring
                                                                                                                                  • stop-node
                                                                                                                                  • summarize-backups
                                                                                                                                  • sync-ldap
                                                                                                                                  • unregister-node
                                                                                                                                  • update-config
                                                                                                                                  • update-node-basedir
                                                                                                                                  • validate-backup
                                                                                                                                • sdb-deploy Commands
                                                                                                                                  • sdb-deploy Reference
                                                                                                                                  • cluster-in-a-box
                                                                                                                                  • destroy-cluster
                                                                                                                                  • generate-cluster-file
                                                                                                                                  • install
                                                                                                                                  • list-versions
                                                                                                                                  • setup-cluster
                                                                                                                                  • state
                                                                                                                                  • ui
                                                                                                                                  • uninstall
                                                                                                                                  • upgrade
                                                                                                                                • sdb-report Commands
                                                                                                                                  • sdb-report Reference
                                                                                                                                  • calibrate
                                                                                                                                  • calibrate-blob-storage
                                                                                                                                  • check
                                                                                                                                  • collect
                                                                                                                                  • collect-and-check
                                                                                                                                  • collect-kube
                                                                                                                                  • collect-local
                                                                                                                                  • send-alert
                                                                                                                                  • state
                                                                                                                                • sdb-toolbox-config Commands
                                                                                                                                  • sdb-toolbox-config Reference
                                                                                                                                  • describe-host
                                                                                                                                  • list-hosts
                                                                                                                                  • register-host
                                                                                                                                  • state
                                                                                                                                  • unregister-host
                                                                                                                                • memsqlctl Commands
                                                                                                                                  • memsqlctl Reference
                                                                                                                                  • add-aggregator
                                                                                                                                  • add-leaf
                                                                                                                                  • bootstrap-aggregator
                                                                                                                                  • change-root-password
                                                                                                                                  • collect-garbage
                                                                                                                                  • create-node
                                                                                                                                  • delete-node
                                                                                                                                  • describe-node
                                                                                                                                  • enable-high-availability
                                                                                                                                  • list-nodes
                                                                                                                                  • optimize
                                                                                                                                  • query
                                                                                                                                  • register-node
                                                                                                                                  • remove-aggregator
                                                                                                                                  • remove-leaf
                                                                                                                                  • restart-node
                                                                                                                                  • set-license
                                                                                                                                  • show-aggregators
                                                                                                                                  • show-cluster
                                                                                                                                  • show-leaves
                                                                                                                                  • show-license
                                                                                                                                  • start-node
                                                                                                                                  • stop-node
                                                                                                                                  • unregister-node
                                                                                                                                  • update-config
                                                                                                                                  • update-node-basedir
                                                                                                                              • SQL Reference
                                                                                                                                • SQL Reference Overview
                                                                                                                                • Comparison Operators and Functions
                                                                                                                                  • BETWEEN, NOT BETWEEN
                                                                                                                                  • NULL Handling
                                                                                                                                  • LIKE, NOT LIKE
                                                                                                                                  • IN(), NOT IN()
                                                                                                                                  • strcmp()
                                                                                                                                  • Where operators can be used
                                                                                                                                  • Using Comparison Operators with Date and Time Functions
                                                                                                                                • Database Object Case-Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                • Data Types
                                                                                                                                  • Integer Numbers
                                                                                                                                  • Real Numbers
                                                                                                                                  • Time and Date
                                                                                                                                  • String Types
                                                                                                                                  • BLOB Types
                                                                                                                                  • JSON Type
                                                                                                                                  • Geospatial Types
                                                                                                                                  • SingleStore DB (MemSQL) Procedural SQL (MPSQL) Types
                                                                                                                                  • Other Types
                                                                                                                                  • Comparing mismatched datatypes
                                                                                                                                  • Data Type Conversion
                                                                                                                                • Character Encoding
                                                                                                                                  • Working with Character Sets and Collations
                                                                                                                                  • Character Sets Supported
                                                                                                                                  • Collations Supported
                                                                                                                                  • Default Character Set and Collation
                                                                                                                                  • Specifying Character Set and Collation Cluster-Wide
                                                                                                                                  • Character Set and Collation Override
                                                                                                                                  • Implicit Collation in Special Cases
                                                                                                                                • Operations that Take Either a Database or a Cluster Lock
                                                                                                                                  • Database Locks
                                                                                                                                  • Cluster Locks
                                                                                                                                  • Operations that Take Database Locks
                                                                                                                                  • Operations that Take Cluster Locks
                                                                                                                                • User-Defined Variables
                                                                                                                                  • SELECT ... INTO User Defined Variable
                                                                                                                                  • SET
                                                                                                                                • Restricted Keywords
                                                                                                                                  • Escaping Restricted Keywords
                                                                                                                                  • List of Restricted Keywords
                                                                                                                                • Aggregate Functions
                                                                                                                                  • Aggregate Functions
                                                                                                                                  • ANY_VALUE
                                                                                                                                  • APPROX_PERCENTILE
                                                                                                                                  • AVG
                                                                                                                                  • BIT_AND
                                                                                                                                  • BIT_OR
                                                                                                                                  • BIT_XOR
                                                                                                                                  • COUNT
                                                                                                                                  • GROUP_CONCAT
                                                                                                                                  • MAX
                                                                                                                                  • MEDIAN
                                                                                                                                  • MIN
                                                                                                                                  • MOD
                                                                                                                                  • STD
                                                                                                                                  • STDDEV_SAMP
                                                                                                                                  • SUM
                                                                                                                                  • VARIANCE
                                                                                                                                  • VAR_SAMP
                                                                                                                                • Cluster Management Commands
                                                                                                                                  • Cluster Management Commands
                                                                                                                                  • Node Requirements for SingleStore DB Commands
                                                                                                                                  • Leaf States
                                                                                                                                  • ADD AGGREGATOR
                                                                                                                                  • ADD LEAF
                                                                                                                                  • AGGREGATOR SET AS MASTER
                                                                                                                                  • ATTACH LEAF
                                                                                                                                  • ATTACH LEAF ALL
                                                                                                                                  • BOOTSTRAP AGGREGATOR
                                                                                                                                  • DETACH LEAF
                                                                                                                                  • EXPLAIN REBALANCE ALL DATABASES
                                                                                                                                  • EXPLAIN REBALANCE PARTITIONS
                                                                                                                                  • EXPLAIN RESTORE REDUNDANCY
                                                                                                                                  • FILL and FLUSH CONNECTION POOLS
                                                                                                                                  • FLUSH HOSTS
                                                                                                                                  • PROMOTE AGGREGATOR … TO MASTER
                                                                                                                                  • REBALANCE ALL DATABASES
                                                                                                                                  • REBALANCE PARTITIONS
                                                                                                                                  • REMOVE AGGREGATOR
                                                                                                                                  • REMOVE LEAF
                                                                                                                                  • RESTORE REDUNDANCY
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW AGGREGATORS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW LEAVES
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW CLUSTER STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW REBALANCE ALL DATABASES STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW REBALANCE STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • TRIGGER GC
                                                                                                                                • Code Generation Functions
                                                                                                                                  • NOPARAM
                                                                                                                                • Conditional Functions
                                                                                                                                  • Conditional Functions
                                                                                                                                  • CASE
                                                                                                                                  • COALESCE
                                                                                                                                  • CAST or CONVERT
                                                                                                                                  • DECODE
                                                                                                                                  • ELT
                                                                                                                                  • GREATEST
                                                                                                                                  • IF
                                                                                                                                  • ISNULL
                                                                                                                                  • ISNUMERIC
                                                                                                                                  • LEAST
                                                                                                                                  • NULLIF
                                                                                                                                  • NVL and IFNULL
                                                                                                                                  • SLEEP
                                                                                                                                • Data Definition Language DDL
                                                                                                                                  • Data Definition Language DDL
                                                                                                                                  • ALTER DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  • ALTER TABLE
                                                                                                                                  • ALTER VIEW
                                                                                                                                  • ATTACH DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE INDEX
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE MILESTONE
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE VIEW
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE TABLE
                                                                                                                                  • DESCRIBE
                                                                                                                                  • DETACH DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  • DROP DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  • DROP INDEX
                                                                                                                                  • DROP MILESTONE
                                                                                                                                  • DROP … FROM PLANCACHE
                                                                                                                                  • DROP RESULT TABLE
                                                                                                                                  • DROP TABLE
                                                                                                                                  • DROP VIEW
                                                                                                                                  • FLUSH TABLES
                                                                                                                                  • OPTIMIZE TABLE
                                                                                                                                  • TRUNCATE
                                                                                                                                  • UNLOCK TABLES
                                                                                                                                • Data Manipulation Language DML
                                                                                                                                  • Data Manipulation Language DML
                                                                                                                                  • AGGREGATOR SYNC AUTO_INCREMENT
                                                                                                                                  • BEGIN
                                                                                                                                  • CLEAR LOAD ERRORS
                                                                                                                                  • COMMIT
                                                                                                                                  • CUBE and ROLLUP
                                                                                                                                  • DELETE
                                                                                                                                  • EXCEPT and MINUS
                                                                                                                                  • EXISTS AND NOT EXISTS
                                                                                                                                  • EXPLAIN
                                                                                                                                  • INSERT
                                                                                                                                  • INTERSECT
                                                                                                                                  • LOAD DATA
                                                                                                                                  • PROFILE
                                                                                                                                  • PIVOT
                                                                                                                                  • REPLACE
                                                                                                                                  • ROLLBACK
                                                                                                                                  • SELECT
                                                                                                                                  • TABLE
                                                                                                                                  • UNION
                                                                                                                                  • UPDATE
                                                                                                                                  • USE
                                                                                                                                  • WITH (Common Table Expressions)
                                                                                                                                  • Materializing Common Table Expressions
                                                                                                                                  • Query Plan Operations
                                                                                                                                • Date and Time Functions
                                                                                                                                  • Date and Time Functions
                                                                                                                                  • ADDTIME
                                                                                                                                  • CONVERT_TZ
                                                                                                                                  • CURRENT_DATE And CURDATE
                                                                                                                                  • CURRENT_TIME And CURTIME
                                                                                                                                  • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
                                                                                                                                  • DATE
                                                                                                                                  • DATEDIFF
                                                                                                                                  • DATE_ADD
                                                                                                                                  • DATE_FORMAT
                                                                                                                                  • DATE_SUB
                                                                                                                                  • DATE_TRUNC
                                                                                                                                  • DAY
                                                                                                                                  • DAYNAME
                                                                                                                                  • DAYOFWEEK
                                                                                                                                  • DAYOFYEAR
                                                                                                                                  • EXTRACT
                                                                                                                                  • FROM_DAYS
                                                                                                                                  • FROM_UNIXTIME
                                                                                                                                  • GET_FORMAT
                                                                                                                                  • HOUR
                                                                                                                                  • LAST_DAY
                                                                                                                                  • LOCALTIMESTAMP
                                                                                                                                  • MICROSECOND
                                                                                                                                  • MINUTE
                                                                                                                                  • MONTH
                                                                                                                                  • MONTHNAME
                                                                                                                                  • MONTHS_BETWEEN
                                                                                                                                  • NOW
                                                                                                                                  • QUARTER
                                                                                                                                  • SECOND
                                                                                                                                  • SEC_TO_TIME
                                                                                                                                  • STR_TO_DATE
                                                                                                                                  • TIME
                                                                                                                                  • TIMEDIFF
                                                                                                                                  • TIMESTAMP
                                                                                                                                  • TIMESTAMPADD
                                                                                                                                  • TIMESTAMPDIFF
                                                                                                                                  • TIME_FORMAT
                                                                                                                                  • TIME_TO_SEC
                                                                                                                                  • TO_CHAR
                                                                                                                                  • TO_DATE
                                                                                                                                  • TO_DAYS
                                                                                                                                  • TO_SECONDS
                                                                                                                                  • TO_TIMESTAMP
                                                                                                                                  • TRUNC
                                                                                                                                  • UNIX_TIMESTAMP
                                                                                                                                  • UTC_DATE
                                                                                                                                  • UTC_TIME
                                                                                                                                  • UTC_TIMESTAMP
                                                                                                                                  • WEEK
                                                                                                                                  • WEEKDAY
                                                                                                                                  • YEAR
                                                                                                                                • Distinct Count Estimation Functions
                                                                                                                                  • Distinct Count Estimation Functions
                                                                                                                                  • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
                                                                                                                                  • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_ACCUMULATE
                                                                                                                                  • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_COMBINE
                                                                                                                                  • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_ESTIMATE
                                                                                                                                • Full-Text Search Functions
                                                                                                                                  • Full-Text Search Functions
                                                                                                                                  • HIGHLIGHT
                                                                                                                                  • MATCH
                                                                                                                                • Geospatial Functions
                                                                                                                                  • Geospatial Functions
                                                                                                                                  • APPROX_GEOGRAPHY_INTERSECTS
                                                                                                                                  • GEOGRAPHY_AREA
                                                                                                                                  • GEOGRAPHY_CONTAINS
                                                                                                                                  • GEOGRAPHY_DISTANCE
                                                                                                                                  • GEOGRAPHY_INTERSECTS
                                                                                                                                  • GEOGRAPHY_LATITUDE
                                                                                                                                  • GEOGRAPHY_LENGTH
                                                                                                                                  • GEOGRAPHY_LONGITUDE
                                                                                                                                  • GEOGRAPHY_POINT
                                                                                                                                  • GEOGRAPHY_WITHIN_DISTANCE
                                                                                                                                • Identifier Generation Functions
                                                                                                                                  • SYS_GUID and UUID
                                                                                                                                • Information Functions
                                                                                                                                  • Information Functions
                                                                                                                                  • CONNECTION_ID
                                                                                                                                  • DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  • ESTIMATED_QUERY_LEAF_MEMORY
                                                                                                                                  • ESTIMATED_QUERY_RUNTIME
                                                                                                                                  • FOUND_ROWS
                                                                                                                                  • LAST_INSERT_ID
                                                                                                                                  • ROW_COUNT
                                                                                                                                  • USER
                                                                                                                                • JSON Functions
                                                                                                                                  • JSON Functions
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_AGG
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS_<type>
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_ARRAY_PUSH_<type>
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_BUILD_OBJECT
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_DELETE_KEY
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_EXTRACT_<type>
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_GET_TYPE
                                                                                                                                  • JSON Keypaths
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_KEYS
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_LENGTH
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_PRETTY
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_SET_<type>
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_SPLICE_<type>
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_TO_ARRAY
                                                                                                                                  • TO_JSON
                                                                                                                                • Numeric Functions
                                                                                                                                  • Numeric Functions
                                                                                                                                  • ABS
                                                                                                                                  • SIGN
                                                                                                                                  • EXP
                                                                                                                                  • ACOS
                                                                                                                                  • ASIN
                                                                                                                                  • ATAN
                                                                                                                                  • ATAN2, ATAN
                                                                                                                                  • BIT_COUNT
                                                                                                                                  • bitwise AND (&)
                                                                                                                                  • bitwise NOT (~)
                                                                                                                                  • bitwise OR (|)
                                                                                                                                  • bitwise XOR (^)
                                                                                                                                  • bitwise left shift (<<)
                                                                                                                                  • bitwise right shift (>>)
                                                                                                                                  • CEIL
                                                                                                                                  • CONV
                                                                                                                                  • COS
                                                                                                                                  • COT
                                                                                                                                  • LN
                                                                                                                                  • LOG2
                                                                                                                                  • LOG10
                                                                                                                                  • DEGREES
                                                                                                                                  • FLOOR
                                                                                                                                  • LOG
                                                                                                                                  • PI
                                                                                                                                  • POW
                                                                                                                                  • RADIANS
                                                                                                                                  • RAND
                                                                                                                                  • ROUND
                                                                                                                                  • SIGMOID
                                                                                                                                  • SIN
                                                                                                                                  • SQRT
                                                                                                                                  • TAN
                                                                                                                                  • TO_NUMBER
                                                                                                                                  • TRUNC
                                                                                                                                  • TRUNCATE
                                                                                                                                • Operational Commands
                                                                                                                                  • Operational Commands
                                                                                                                                  • ANALYZE
                                                                                                                                  • ATTACH DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  • BACKUP DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  • CHECK BLOB CHECKSUM
                                                                                                                                  • CHECK BOTTOMLESS CHECKSUM
                                                                                                                                  • CLEAR ORPHAN DATABASES
                                                                                                                                  • CONTINUE REPLICATING
                                                                                                                                  • DETACH DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  • KILL CONNECTION
                                                                                                                                  • KILLALL QUERIES
                                                                                                                                  • PAUSE REPLICATING
                                                                                                                                  • REPAIR DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  • REPLICATE DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  • RESTORE DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  • SELECT GLOBAL
                                                                                                                                  • SET AGGREGATOR
                                                                                                                                  • SET and SET SESSION
                                                                                                                                  • SET CLUSTER
                                                                                                                                  • SET GLOBAL
                                                                                                                                  • SET LEAF
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW REPLICATION STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • SNAPSHOT DATABASE
                                                                                                                                  • STOP REPLICATING
                                                                                                                                  • Replication Distribution Tree
                                                                                                                                • Pipelines Commands
                                                                                                                                  • Pipelines Commands
                                                                                                                                  • ALTER PIPELINE
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE PIPELINE
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE PIPELINE ... WITH TRANSFORM
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE PIPELINE ... INTO PROCEDURE
                                                                                                                                  • DROP PIPELINE
                                                                                                                                  • EXTRACT PIPELINE … INTO OUTFILE
                                                                                                                                  • PROFILE PIPELINE
                                                                                                                                  • START PIPELINE
                                                                                                                                  • STOP PIPELINE
                                                                                                                                  • TEST PIPELINE
                                                                                                                                • Procedural SQL Reference
                                                                                                                                  • Procedural SQL Reference
                                                                                                                                  • Anonymous Code Blocks
                                                                                                                                  • Control Flow Statements
                                                                                                                                  • Exceptions and Exception Handling
                                                                                                                                  • MySQL Client Delimiters
                                                                                                                                  • Transactions in Stored Procedures
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE AGGREGATE
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE [OR REPLACE] EXTERNAL FUNCTION
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE FUNCTION (UDF)
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE FUNCTION (TVF)
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE PROCEDURE
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE [OR REPLACE] TEMPORARY PROCEDURE …
                                                                                                                                  • DROP FUNCTION
                                                                                                                                  • DROP PROCEDURE
                                                                                                                                  • DROP AGGREGATE
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW AGGREGATES
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW CREATE FUNCTION
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW CREATE AGGREGATE
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW FUNCTIONS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW PROCEDURES
                                                                                                                                  • ARRAY
                                                                                                                                  • CALL
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE_ARRAY
                                                                                                                                  • COLLECT
                                                                                                                                  • ECHO
                                                                                                                                  • ECHO SELECT
                                                                                                                                  • EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
                                                                                                                                  • INSERT_ALL
                                                                                                                                  • RECORD
                                                                                                                                  • ROW
                                                                                                                                  • QUERY
                                                                                                                                  • SCALAR
                                                                                                                                  • TO_QUERY
                                                                                                                                • Regular Expression Functions
                                                                                                                                  • Regular Expression Commands
                                                                                                                                  • REGEXP_INSTR
                                                                                                                                  • REGEXP_REPLACE
                                                                                                                                  • REGEXP_SUBSTR
                                                                                                                                  • RLIKE and REGEXP
                                                                                                                                • Resource Pool Commands
                                                                                                                                  • Resource Pool Commands and Functions
                                                                                                                                  • ALTER RESOURCE POOL
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE RESOURCE POOL
                                                                                                                                  • DROP RESOURCE POOL
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW RESOURCE POOLS
                                                                                                                                • Security Management Commands
                                                                                                                                  • Security Management Commands
                                                                                                                                  • ALTER USER
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE GROUP
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE LINK
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE ROLE
                                                                                                                                  • CREATE USER
                                                                                                                                  • CURRENT_SECURITY_GROUPS
                                                                                                                                  • CURRENT_SECURITY_ROLES
                                                                                                                                  • CURRENT_USER
                                                                                                                                  • DROP GROUP
                                                                                                                                  • DROP LINK
                                                                                                                                  • DROP ROLE
                                                                                                                                  • DROP USER
                                                                                                                                  • GRANT
                                                                                                                                  • GRANT GROUP
                                                                                                                                  • GRANT ROLE
                                                                                                                                  • REVOKE
                                                                                                                                  • REVOKE GROUP
                                                                                                                                  • REVOKE ROLE
                                                                                                                                  • SECURITY_LISTS_INTERSECT
                                                                                                                                  • SET PASSWORD
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW GRANTS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW GROUPS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW GROUPS FOR ROLE
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW GROUPS FOR USER
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW LINKS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW ROLES
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW ROLES FOR GROUP
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW ROLES FOR USER
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW USERS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW USERS FOR GROUP
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW USERS FOR ROLE
                                                                                                                                  • Permissions Matrix
                                                                                                                                  • Default Mode Permissions Changes
                                                                                                                                  • Strict Mode Permissions
                                                                                                                                • SHOW Commands
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW Commands
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW CREATE PIPELINE
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW COLUMNS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW CREATE TABLE
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW CREATE VIEW
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW DATABASES
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW DATABASE STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW ERRORS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW GLOBAL STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW INDEX, SHOW INDEXES, SHOW KEYS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW INDEXES
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW KEYS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW LOAD ERRORS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW LOAD WARNINGS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW PARTITIONS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW PIPELINES
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW PLAN
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW PLANCACHE
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW PROCESSLIST
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW REPRODUCTION
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW SCHEMAS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW SESSION STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW STATUS EXTENDED
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW TABLE STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW TABLES
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW VARIABLES
                                                                                                                                  • SHOW WARNINGS
                                                                                                                                  • System Status
                                                                                                                                • String Functions
                                                                                                                                  • String Functions
                                                                                                                                  • AES_DECRYPT
                                                                                                                                  • AES_ENCRYPT
                                                                                                                                  • ASCII
                                                                                                                                  • BIN
                                                                                                                                  • BINARY
                                                                                                                                  • CHAR
                                                                                                                                  • CHARACTER_LENGTH
                                                                                                                                  • CHARSET
                                                                                                                                  • CONCAT
                                                                                                                                  • CONCAT_WS
                                                                                                                                  • CRC32
                                                                                                                                  • FIELD
                                                                                                                                  • FORMAT
                                                                                                                                  • FROM_BASE64
                                                                                                                                  • QUOTE
                                                                                                                                  • HEX
                                                                                                                                  • INET_ATON
                                                                                                                                  • INET_NTOA
                                                                                                                                  • INET6_ATON
                                                                                                                                  • INET6_NTOA
                                                                                                                                  • INITCAP
                                                                                                                                  • INSTR
                                                                                                                                  • LCASE
                                                                                                                                  • LEFT
                                                                                                                                  • LENGTH
                                                                                                                                  • LOCATE
                                                                                                                                  • LPAD
                                                                                                                                  • LTRIM
                                                                                                                                  • MD5
                                                                                                                                  • REPLACE
                                                                                                                                  • RIGHT
                                                                                                                                  • RPAD
                                                                                                                                  • RTRIM
                                                                                                                                  • SECRET
                                                                                                                                  • SHA1
                                                                                                                                  • SHA2
                                                                                                                                  • SPLIT
                                                                                                                                  • STRING_BYTES
                                                                                                                                  • SUBSTRING
                                                                                                                                  • SUBSTRING_INDEX
                                                                                                                                  • TO_BASE64
                                                                                                                                  • TRIM
                                                                                                                                  • UCASE
                                                                                                                                  • UNHEX
                                                                                                                                • Time Series Functions
                                                                                                                                  • Time Series Functions
                                                                                                                                  • FIRST
                                                                                                                                  • LAST
                                                                                                                                  • TIME_BUCKET
                                                                                                                                • Vector Functions
                                                                                                                                  • Vector Functions
                                                                                                                                  • DOT_PRODUCT
                                                                                                                                  • EUCLIDEAN_DISTANCE
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_ARRAY_PACK
                                                                                                                                  • JSON_ARRAY_UNPACK
                                                                                                                                  • SCALAR_VECTOR_MUL
                                                                                                                                  • VECTOR_ADD
                                                                                                                                  • VECTOR_ELEMENTS_SUM
                                                                                                                                  • VECTOR_KTH_ELEMENT
                                                                                                                                  • VECTOR_MUL
                                                                                                                                  • VECTOR_NUM_ELEMENTS
                                                                                                                                  • VECTOR_SORT
                                                                                                                                  • VECTOR_SUB
                                                                                                                                  • VECTOR_SUM
                                                                                                                                  • VECTOR_SUBVECTOR
                                                                                                                                • Window Functions
                                                                                                                                  • Window Functions
                                                                                                                                  • DENSE_RANK
                                                                                                                                  • FIRST_VALUE
                                                                                                                                  • LAG
                                                                                                                                  • LAST_VALUE
                                                                                                                                  • LEAD
                                                                                                                                  • NTH_VALUE
                                                                                                                                  • NTILE
                                                                                                                                  • PERCENT_RANK
                                                                                                                                  • PERCENTILE_CONT and MEDIAN
                                                                                                                                  • PERCENTILE_DISC
                                                                                                                                  • RANK
                                                                                                                                  • ROW_NUMBER
                                                                                                                              • Troubleshooting Reference
                                                                                                                                • Troubleshooting Overview
                                                                                                                                • Counting Partitions by Role
                                                                                                                                • Capacity Limit Error
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 2350: Leaf node could not be added because you are using the SingleStore DB free license which has a limit of 4 license units and after adding the node you would be using XX license units.
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 2349: Code generation for new statements is disabled because the total number of license units of capacity used on all leaf nodes is XX, which is above the limit of 4 for the SingleStore DB free license.
                                                                                                                                  • WARN: The ready queue has not decreased (currently <num> elements, <num> pops) for <num> seconds. This workload needs more threads.
                                                                                                                                  • Leaf Error (HOST:PORT): Unable to connect to leaf @HOST:PORT with user USER, using password YES/NO: [1040] Too many connections.
                                                                                                                                • Dealing with Cluster Failures
                                                                                                                                  • Assess the Situation
                                                                                                                                  • Tools: Leaf Node Failures
                                                                                                                                  • Tools: Aggregator Failures
                                                                                                                                • How Failover is Triggered in HA
                                                                                                                                • Disk Capacity Errors
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR: “Available disk space is below the value of minimal_disk_space global variable (512 MB). This query cannot be executed.”
                                                                                                                                • Diagnosing a Performance Issue Using Workload Profiling
                                                                                                                                  • Use Case: Disk Bottleneck
                                                                                                                                  • Use Case: Memory Usage by a Query
                                                                                                                                • Generating a Cluster Report
                                                                                                                                  • Generating the Report
                                                                                                                                  • Submitting the Report to SingleStore Support
                                                                                                                                • Identifying and Reducing Memory Usage
                                                                                                                                  • Summary variables
                                                                                                                                  • Other variables
                                                                                                                                  • Row store variables
                                                                                                                                  • Deleting Row Store Table Data When at the Memory Limit
                                                                                                                                  • Reducing Memory Use by Row Store Tables
                                                                                                                                  • Columnstore Table Considerations
                                                                                                                                  • Understanding Memory and Disk Usage with Studio
                                                                                                                                • Memory Errors
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 2350: Leaf or aggregator node could not be added because you are using the SingleStore DB free license which has a total memory limit of 128.00 GB
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 2349: Code generation for new statements is disabled because the total of maximum_memory on all nodes (used_cluster_capacity) is XXX.00 GB which is above the limit of 128.00 GB for the SingleStore DB free license.
                                                                                                                                  • Failed to allocate XXXXX bytes of memory from the operating system (Error 12: Cannot allocate memory). This is usually due to a misconfigured operating system or virtualization technology.
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 1712: Not enough memory available to complete the current request. The request was not processed.
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR: 1720 - “Memory usage by SingleStore DB for tables (XXXXX MB) has reached the value of ‘maximum_table_memory’ global variable (YYYYY MB). This query cannot be executed.”
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR: "Nonfatal buffer manager memory allocation failure. The maximum_memory parameter (XXXXX MB) has been reached.
                                                                                                                                • SingleStore Tools Issues
                                                                                                                                  • ISSUE: Getting prompted for user’s sudo password
                                                                                                                                  • ISSUE: We were unable to check whether this is an official version
                                                                                                                                  • ISSUE: Failed to add user to the memsql group.
                                                                                                                                  • ISSUE: memsqlctl is configured to require that users be in the “memsql” group for read access
                                                                                                                                • Network Errors
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 1158 (08S01): Leaf Error (): Error reading packet ### from the connection socket (): Connection timed out
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 1735: Unable to connect … Timed out reading from socket
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 1970 (HY000): Subprocess /var/lib/memsql/master-3306/extractors/kafka-extract –get-offsets –kafka-version=0.8.2.2 timed out
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 2002 (HY000): Can’t connect to local MySQL server through socket “/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock”
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 2026 (HY000): SSL connection error: SSL_CTX_set_default_verify_paths failed
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 2026 (HY000): SSL connection error: SSL is required but the server doesn’t support it
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR: Distributed Join Error. Leaf X cannot connect to Leaf Y.
                                                                                                                                • Operations Errors
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 1218 (08S01): Error connecting to master: master is running an incompatible version of MemSQL
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 1795: Cannot SHOW PARTITIONS. Database memsql is not sharded.
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 1832 (HY000): Restoring partitions on %s. Couldn’t find backup file for partition # of database X (there are ### partitions without backup files).
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR: Partition’s table metadata are out of sync for table
                                                                                                                                  • Transform for pipeline <pipeline_name> exited with “FAILURE”. Truncated stderr:
                                                                                                                                • Query Errors
                                                                                                                                  • ISSUE: Inconsistent Query Run Times
                                                                                                                                  • ISSUE: Long Running Queries Blocking DDL Operations and Workload
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 1706 (HY000): Feature “Multi-table UPDATE/DELETE with a reference table as target table” is not supported by MemSQL
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 1706 (HY000): Leaf Error (127.0.0.1:3307): Feature “INSERT IGNORE … ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE” is not supported by MemSQL
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 1064 ER_PARSE_ERROR: Unhandled exception Type: ER_PARSE_ERROR (1064)
                                                                                                                                  • ERROR 1956 ER_PARAMETER_CAPACITY_EXCEEDED: Query cannot be completed because the parameter array capacity of 1048576 was exceeded.
                                                                                                                                  • Error: "Query execution memory use (XXX MB) has reached the maximum memory for its resource pool 'xxx' (XX%). “
                                                                                                                                • Trace Log
                                                                                                                                  • Location and Management
                                                                                                                                  • Log Rotation
                                                                                                                                  • Deleting Trace Log
                                                                                                                                  • Logging Queries
                                                                                                                                • Pipeline Errors
                                                                                                                                  • Detect and Address Slow Performance and High Memory Usage of Pipelines
                                                                                                                                  • View and Handle Pipeline Errors
                                                                                                                                  • S3 Authentication Errors
                                                                                                                                • Understanding Orphaned Partitions
                                                                                                                                  • Identifying Orphaned Partitions
                                                                                                                                  • Addressing Orphans by Attaching New Partitions
                                                                                                                                  • Removing Orphaned Partitions that are not Needed
                                                                                                                              • System Databases
                                                                                                                              • Information Schema Reference
                                                                                                                                • Information Schema
                                                                                                                                  • Introduction
                                                                                                                                  • Accessing the Information Schema
                                                                                                                                  • Examples
                                                                                                                                • Cluster Component Tables
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.AGGREGATORS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_BLOB_CACHE_EVENTS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_CACHED_BLOBS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.CHARACTER_SETS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.COLLATIONS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.COLUMNS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.DISTRIBUTED_DATABASES
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.DISTRIBUTED_PARTITIONS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.LEAVES
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_CLUSTER_STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_DISTRIBUTED_DATABASES_STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_EVENTS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_HOSTS_INFORMATION
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.PARAMETERS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.ROUTINES
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.SCHEMATA
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.SITES
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.TABLES
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.VIEWS
                                                                                                                                • Management Tables
                                                                                                                                  • Concepts and Terminology
                                                                                                                                  • mv_activities
                                                                                                                                  • mv_activities_extended
                                                                                                                                  • mv_activities_cumulative
                                                                                                                                  • mv_activities_extended_cumulative
                                                                                                                                  • mv_aggregated_column_usage
                                                                                                                                  • mv_aggregated_replication_status
                                                                                                                                  • mv_blocked_queries
                                                                                                                                  • mv_collected_row_change_counts
                                                                                                                                  • mv_finished_tasks
                                                                                                                                  • mv_global_status
                                                                                                                                  • mv_global_variables
                                                                                                                                  • mv_nodes
                                                                                                                                  • mv_queries
                                                                                                                                  • mv_query_activities
                                                                                                                                  • mv_query_activities_extended_cumulative
                                                                                                                                  • mv_query_column_usage
                                                                                                                                  • lmv_replication_status
                                                                                                                                  • mv_replication_status
                                                                                                                                  • mv_row_change_counts
                                                                                                                                  • mv_sysinfo_cpu
                                                                                                                                  • mv_sysinfo_cpulist
                                                                                                                                  • mv_sysinfo_disk
                                                                                                                                  • mv_sysinfo_mem
                                                                                                                                  • mv_sysinfo_net
                                                                                                                                  • mv_tasks
                                                                                                                                • Management Statistics Reference
                                                                                                                                  • Extended Statistics
                                                                                                                                  • Simplified Statistics
                                                                                                                                  • Statistics Availability
                                                                                                                                  • Advanced Statistics
                                                                                                                                  • Understanding memory_bs
                                                                                                                                • Query Performance, Workload Management, and Statistics Tables
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.ADVANCED_HISTOGRAMS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.AGGREGATE_FUNCTIONS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.COLUMN_STATISTICS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.INDEX_STATISTICS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.LMV_JOIN_OPTIMIZATION_RESULTS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.LMV_PROFILE_STATS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_BACKUP_HISTORY
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_BACKUP_STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_BT
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_PLANCACHE
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_PROCESSLIST
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_PROSPECTIVE_HISTOGRAMS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_QUERY_PROSPECTIVE_HISTOGRAMS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_WORKLOAD_MANAGEMENT_STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.PLANCACHE
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.RANGE_STATISTICS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.STATISTICS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.TABLE_STATISTICS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.USER_VARIABLES
                                                                                                                                • Pipelines Tables
                                                                                                                                  • PIPELINES
                                                                                                                                  • PIPELINES_BATCHES_SUMMARY
                                                                                                                                  • PIPELINES_BATCHES
                                                                                                                                  • PIPELINES_ERRORS
                                                                                                                                  • PIPELINES_CURSORS
                                                                                                                                  • PIPELINES_FILES
                                                                                                                                • Resource and User Management Tables
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.AVAILABILITY_GROUPS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.CURRENT_USER_GROUPS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.CURRENT_USER_ROLES
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.GROUP_PRIVILEGES
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.GROUPS_ROLES
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_RESOURCE_POOL_STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.RESOURCE_POOLS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.ROLE_PRIVILEGES
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.TABLE_PRIVILEGES
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.USERS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.USERS_GROUPS
                                                                                                                                • Segment, Column, and Merge Status Tables
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.COLUMNAR_SEGMENTS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.IND_CS_PARTITION_ROW_SEGMENT_GROUPS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_COLUMNAR_SEGMENT_INDEX
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_COLUMNSTORE_FILES
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_COLUMNSTORE_MERGE_STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • information_schema.MV_REBALANCE_STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • MV_ROW_CHANGE_COUNTS
                                                                                                                                • Unlimited Storage Tables
                                                                                                                                  • MV_BOTTOMLESS_API_EVENTS
                                                                                                                                  • MV_BOTTOMLESS_REMOTE_STATS
                                                                                                                                  • MV_BOTTOMLESS_STATUS
                                                                                                                                  • MV_BOTTOMLESS_STATUS_EXTENDED
                                                                                                                                  • MV_BOTTOMLESS_SUMMARY
                                                                                                                                  • MV_MILESTONES
                                                                                                                              • HTTP API
                                                                                                                                • HTTP API Authentication
                                                                                                                                • Accessing the HTTP API
                                                                                                                                • Enabling the HTTP API
                                                                                                                                  • HTTP API Data Type Conversion
                                                                                                                                    • HTTP API Error Handling
                                                                                                                                    • HTTP API Endpoint Reference
                                                                                                                                      • exec
                                                                                                                                      • ping
                                                                                                                                      • query/rows
                                                                                                                                      • query/tuples
                                                                                                                                      • spec
                                                                                                                                • Security
                                                                                                                                  • Overview
                                                                                                                                    • Configuring SingleStore DB user accounts
                                                                                                                                      • Securing the initial SingleStore DB user accounts
                                                                                                                                      • Adding a User
                                                                                                                                      • Changing a Password for a User
                                                                                                                                      • Removing a User
                                                                                                                                      • Inspecting Permissions
                                                                                                                                      • Setting a Failed Login Attempt Lockout Policy
                                                                                                                                    • Configuring Host-Based Security
                                                                                                                                    • Configuring SSL
                                                                                                                                    • Setting SECURE_FILE_PRIV
                                                                                                                                  • Authentication
                                                                                                                                    • Introduction
                                                                                                                                    • Authenticating Users via SAML
                                                                                                                                      • Creating a New User
                                                                                                                                    • Configuring a Password Policy
                                                                                                                                      • Password Expiration
                                                                                                                                      • Password Reuse
                                                                                                                                      • Password Complexity
                                                                                                                                    • SAML Authentication
                                                                                                                                      • Prerequisites
                                                                                                                                      • Terms and Concepts
                                                                                                                                      • Next Steps
                                                                                                                                    • Configuring and Using Connection Links
                                                                                                                                      • User Advantages
                                                                                                                                      • Using a Connection Link
                                                                                                                                      • Example
                                                                                                                                    • Configuring SAML Global Variables
                                                                                                                                      • Minimum Configurations
                                                                                                                                      • Maximum Configuration and Other Options
                                                                                                                                    • Troubleshooting SAML Authentication
                                                                                                                                      • SAML Assertion Errors
                                                                                                                                      • Encryption or Signing Errors
                                                                                                                                    • Kerberos Authentication
                                                                                                                                      • Assumptions and Prerequisites
                                                                                                                                      • Configuring the KDC
                                                                                                                                      • Configuring SingleStore DB for Kerberos Authentication
                                                                                                                                      • Troubleshooting
                                                                                                                                    • Using SingleStore DB and PAM
                                                                                                                                      • Background
                                                                                                                                      • PAM and SingleStore DB (connection with MySQL Client)
                                                                                                                                      • GRANT Syntax using PAM
                                                                                                                                  • Administration
                                                                                                                                    • Introduction
                                                                                                                                    • Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Role-based Operations
                                                                                                                                      • Role Creation
                                                                                                                                      • Account Creation
                                                                                                                                      • Enable Strict Mode
                                                                                                                                      • Appendix: Role-Based Access Control Command Reference
                                                                                                                                    • Row-Level Security (RLS) Deployment Guide
                                                                                                                                      • Synchronizing Permissions Across Your Cluster
                                                                                                                                        • sync_permissions variable
                                                                                                                                        • Enabling sync permissions
                                                                                                                                        • Understanding sync users
                                                                                                                                        • Root user behavior
                                                                                                                                    • Audit Logging
                                                                                                                                      • Introduction
                                                                                                                                      • Audit Logging
                                                                                                                                        • Prerequisites
                                                                                                                                        • Next Steps
                                                                                                                                      • Configuring Audit Logging
                                                                                                                                        • Audit Logging Configuration Variables
                                                                                                                                        • How to Enable and Configure Audit Logging
                                                                                                                                      • Audit Logging Levels
                                                                                                                                        • OFF
                                                                                                                                        • LOGINS-ONLY
                                                                                                                                        • ADMIN-ONLY and ADMIN-ONLY-INCLUDING-PARSE-FAILS
                                                                                                                                        • WRITES-ONLY and WRITES-ONLY-INCLUDING-PARSE-FAILS
                                                                                                                                        • ALL-QUERIES and ALL-QUERIES-INCLUDING-PARSE-FAILS
                                                                                                                                        • ALL-QUERIES-PLAINTEXT and ALL-QUERIES-PLAINTEXT-INCLUDING-PARSE-FAILS
                                                                                                                                        • ALL-RESULTS and ALL-RESULTS-INCLUDING-PARSE-FAILS
                                                                                                                                      • Audit Log File Format
                                                                                                                                        • Log Entry File Schemas
                                                                                                                                        • General Log Entry Schema
                                                                                                                                        • Log Entry Schema for LOGINS-ONLY Level
                                                                                                                                        • Disabling Audit Logging
                                                                                                                                      • Troubleshooting Audit Logging
                                                                                                                                        • Configuration Issues
                                                                                                                                        • Failed to Write Audit Log Record
                                                                                                                                    • Encryption
                                                                                                                                      • SSL Secure Connections
                                                                                                                                        • Generating SSL Certificates
                                                                                                                                        • Configuring SingleStore DB for Secure Connections
                                                                                                                                        • Specifying the TLS Version
                                                                                                                                        • Server Configuration for Secure Client Connections
                                                                                                                                        • Server Configuration for Secure Client and Intra-Cluster Connections
                                                                                                                                        • Server Configuration to Require Secure Client Connections
                                                                                                                                        • Configuring SingleStore Tools for Secure Connections
                                                                                                                                        • Client Configuration for Secure Client Connections
                                                                                                                                      • Encryption at Rest
                                                                                                                                        • Example Setup Process
                                                                                                                                        • How to Use LUKS With Different Versions of Linux
                                                                                                                                      • Securing Data at Rest with IBM Guardium Data Encryption
                                                                                                                                        • Getting Started
                                                                                                                                        • Process Overview
                                                                                                                                      • Securing Data at Rest with CipherTrust Transparent Encryption
                                                                                                                                        • Getting Started
                                                                                                                                        • Setting up CTE Components and a SingleStore DB Cluster
                                                                                                                                        • Protect Directories in SingleStore Using CTE
                                                                                                                                  • Release Notes
                                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB/MemSQL
                                                                                                                                      • 7.8 Release Notes
                                                                                                                                        • Maintenance Release Changelog
                                                                                                                                      • 7.6 Release Notes
                                                                                                                                        • Maintenance Release Changelog
                                                                                                                                      • 7.5 Release Notes
                                                                                                                                        • Maintenance Release Changelog
                                                                                                                                      • 7.3 Release Notes
                                                                                                                                        • 7.3 Release Highlights
                                                                                                                                        • Maintenance Release Changelog
                                                                                                                                      • 7.1 Release Notes
                                                                                                                                        • Release Highlights
                                                                                                                                        • Additional Features and Improvements in this Release
                                                                                                                                        • Maintenance Release Changelog
                                                                                                                                      • 7.0 Release Notes
                                                                                                                                        • Release Highlights
                                                                                                                                        • Query Execution
                                                                                                                                        • Query Optimization
                                                                                                                                        • Data Storage, Loading, and Backup
                                                                                                                                        • System Management
                                                                                                                                        • Functional Extensions
                                                                                                                                        • Maintenance Release Changelog
                                                                                                                                    • SingleStore DB Studio Release Notes
                                                                                                                                      • SingleStore DB Toolbox Release Notes
                                                                                                                                        • MemSQL Kubernetes Operator Release Notes
                                                                                                                                          • Documentation Changelog
                                                                                                                                            • 2022-04-01
                                                                                                                                            • 2021-10-01
                                                                                                                                            • 2021-07-01
                                                                                                                                            • 2021-03-01
                                                                                                                                            • 2021-02-01
                                                                                                                                            • 2021-01-19
                                                                                                                                        • Support
                                                                                                                                          • FAQs
                                                                                                                                            • Supported Versions Matrix
                                                                                                                                              • What is the End of Life (EOL) Policy for SingleStore Software?
                                                                                                                                            • How Support Works
                                                                                                                                              • Who is eligible to receive Support?
                                                                                                                                              • What are the different Support Tiers available?
                                                                                                                                              • Can I upgrade my Support Tier?
                                                                                                                                              • Where can I go for help if I do not have access to paid support?
                                                                                                                                              • When should I use SingleStore Support?
                                                                                                                                              • How do I sign up for an account on SingleStore’s Support Portal?
                                                                                                                                              • How do I file a support ticket?
                                                                                                                                              • What does each ticket severity level mean?
                                                                                                                                              • What should I include in my Support ticket?
                                                                                                                                              • How do I share files with SingleStore Support?
                                                                                                                                              • When can I expect a response to my Support ticket?
                                                                                                                                              • Why am I not getting emails from SingleStore Support?
                                                                                                                                          • Obtain Help and Support
                                                                                                                                            • Enterprise Customers, SingleStore Managed Service, Self-Hosted SingleStore DB
                                                                                                                                        print
                                                                                                                                        • SingleStore DB
                                                                                                                                        • Reference
                                                                                                                                        • SQL Reference
                                                                                                                                        • Data Definition Language DDL
                                                                                                                                        • Data Definition Language DDL
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                                                                                                                                        DB Software v7.8

                                                                                                                                        Data Definition Language DDL

                                                                                                                                        This page contains a list of all data definition language (DDL) commands in SingleStore.

                                                                                                                                        • ALTER DATABASE

                                                                                                                                        • ALTER TABLE

                                                                                                                                        • ALTER VIEW

                                                                                                                                        • CREATE DATABASE

                                                                                                                                        • CREATE INDEX

                                                                                                                                        • CREATE TABLE

                                                                                                                                        • CREATE VIEW

                                                                                                                                        • DESCRIBE

                                                                                                                                        • DROP DATABASE

                                                                                                                                        • DROP INDEX

                                                                                                                                        • DROP MILESTONE

                                                                                                                                        • DROP … FROM PLANCACHE

                                                                                                                                        • DROP TABLE

                                                                                                                                        • DROP VIEW

                                                                                                                                        • FLUSH TABLES

                                                                                                                                        • OPTIMIZE TABLE

                                                                                                                                        • TRUNCATE

                                                                                                                                        • UNLOCK TABLES

                                                                                                                                        In this section:

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                                                                                                                                          © 2022 SingleStore
                                                                                                                                          Last modified: March 31, 2022
                                                                                                                                          Publication date: