# Supported Python Libraries SingleStore supports the following Python libraries. > **📝 Note**: When using GSSAPI authentication, you must use a library that links against the MariaDB 10.1.11 or greater C bindings. ## SingleStore Python Client SingleStore recommends using the [SingleStore Python Client](https://docs.singlestore.com/db/v9.1/developer-resources/connect-with-application-development-tools/connect-with-python/connect-using-the-singlestore-python-client.md). ```Shell pip install singlestoredb ``` ## mysqlclient Refer to [mysqlclient-python](https://github.com/PyMySQL/mysqlclient-python) for information. ```shell pip install mysqlclient ``` ## GSSAPI Authentication Example You can use GSSAPI authentication via the `mysqlclient` library. Configure SingleStore to use GSSAPI. See [Kerberos Authentication](https://docs.singlestore.com/db/v9.1/security/authentication/kerberos-authentication.md) for more information. To validate, ensure that your MariaDB packages are version 10.1.11 or greater, and that you do not have conflicting MySQL packages: **RHEL MariaDB Version Check** ```shell [ec2-user ~]$ rpm -qa | egrep -i 'mysql|maria' ``` ```output MariaDB-compat-10.2.23-1.el7.centos.x86_64 MariaDB-common-10.2.23-1.el7.centos.x86_64 MariaDB-client-10.2.23-1.el7.centos.x86_64 MariaDB-server-10.2.23-1.el7.centos.x86_64 MariaDB-common-debuginfo-10.2.23-1.el7.centos.x86_64 MariaDB-devel-10.2.23-1.el7.centos.x86_64 ``` GSSAPI authentication has been validated with the `mysqlclient-python` client library. At the time of writing, there are no known pure python MySQL connector implementations which support the MariaDB GSSAPI client-side protocol. The following example authenticates to SingleStore via GSSAPI using `mysqlclient-python`. Note that the code used to connect for regular connections and Kerberos connections should be the same since the connector is porting the C extensions. This is because the SingleStore server checks grants and sees that the user is authenticated via GSSAPI, and then the client C extensions have an attached handler for GSSAPI, which run independent of the third-party connector. Add the following code to the **gssapi-test.py** file: ```python import MySQLdb # Substitute 'kerberos_principal_name' and change the host ip as required. conn = MySQLdb.connect( user='root', host='127.0.0.1', database='information_schema') if conn: print("Successfully connected via Kerberos authentication") cursor = conn.cursor() query = "SELECT query_text FROM mv_queries" cursor.execute(text(query)) for qtext in cursor: print("{}".format(qtext)) cursor.close() conn.close() ``` Here's the output: ```shell [ec2-user ~]$ python gssapi-test.py ``` ```output Successfully connected via Kerberos authentication ('SELECT @@max_allowed_packet,@@system_time_zone,@@time_zone,@@auto_increment_increment',) ('SELECT @@memsql_id',) ('SELECT @@memsql_version',) ('SELECT ACTIVITY_NAME, QUERY_TEXT, PLAN_WARNINGS, PLAN_INFO FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.LMV_QUERIES',) ('SELECT WITH(binary_serialization=1, binary_serialization_internal=1) `_WM_AGG_TABLE`.`AGGREGATOR_ACTIVITY_NAME` AS `aggregator_activity_name`, SUM(`_WM_AGG_TABLE`.`ELAPSED_TIME_MS`) AS `elapsed_time_ms`, SUM(`_WM_AGG_TABLE`.`SUCCESS_COUNT`) AS `numRuns` FROM `_WM_AGG_TABLE` as `_WM_AGG_TABLE` GROUP BY 1 OPTION(NO_QUERY_REWRITE=1, INTERPRETER_MODE=LLVM)',) ('SELECT query_text FROM mv_queries',) ('select query_text from mv_queries',) ('SELECT HEARTBEAT_NO_LOGGING agg.AGGREGATOR_ACTIVITY_NAME, coalesce(sum(leaves.memory_bs)*1000/agg.elapsed_time_ms/0x400/0x400, 0):>bigint,coalesce(agg.elapsed_time_ms/agg.numRuns, @):>bigint as avg_runtime, coalesce(sum(leaves.cpu_time_ms)/agg.numRuns, @):>bigint as avg_cpu_time FROM (select aggregator_activity_name, sum(elapsed_time_ms) as elapsed_time_ms, sum(success_count) as numRuns from information_schema._WM_AGG_TABLE group by 1) agg join information_schema._WM_LEAF_TABLE leaves on agg.aggregator_activity_name = leaves.aggregator_activity_name group by agg.AGGREGATOR_ACTIVITY_NAME',) ('select @@version_comment limit @',) ('SELECT @@memsql_id',) ('SELECT @@memsql_version',) ('SELECT AVAILABILITY_GROUP FROM information_schema.LEAVES\nJOIN information_schema.LMV_NODES\nON information_schema.LEAVES.NODE_ID=information_schema.LMV_NODES.NODE_ID',) ('SELECT WITH(binary_serialization=1, binary_serialization_internal=1) `leaves_0`.`MEMORY_BS` AS `MEMORY_BS`, `leaves_0`.`CPU_TIME_MS` AS `CPU_TIME_MS`, `leaves_0`.`AGGREGATOR_ACTIVITY_NAME` AS `AGGREGATOR_ACTIVITY_NAME` FROM `_WM_LEAF_TABLE` as `leaves_0` OPTION(NO_QUERY_REWRITE=1, INTERPRETER_MODE=LLVM)',) ('SELECT SQL_NO_LOGGING 1',) ('SELECT SQL_NO_LOGGING @@maximum_table_memory, @@maximum_memory',) ``` ## PyMySQL Refer to [PyMySQL](https://github.com/PyMySQL/PyMySQL) for information. ```shell pip install PyMySQL ``` > **📝 Note**: PyMySQL does not support GSSAPI/Kerberos based authentication because this is a pure Python implementation. ## MySQL Connector/Python > **⚠️ Warning**: The MySQL Connector/Python library is not recommended. Refer to [MySQL Connector/Python](https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/python/) for information. ```shell yum install https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/Connector-Python/mysql-connector-python-8.0.15-1.el7.x86_64.rpm yum install https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/Connector-Python/mysql-connector-python-cext-8.0.15-1.el7.x86_64.rpm ``` | Connector | Binary URL | Source Code | | --------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | MySQL Connector/Python Version 2.1.7 (GPLv2) | [Linux RHEL 6 x86\_64](https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-connectors-community/el/6/x86_64/mysql-connector-python-2.1.7-1.el6.x86_64.rpm) | [2.1.7.zip](https://github.com/mysql/mysql-connector-python/archive/2.1.7.zip) | | MySQL Connector/Python Version 8.0.15 (GPLv2) | [Linux RHEL 7 x86\_64](https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/Connector-Python/mysql-connector-python-8.0.15-1.el7.x86_64.rpm)[Windows x86\_64 (Python 2.7)](https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/Connector-Python/mysql-connector-python-8.0.15-py2.7-windows-x86-64bit.msi)[Windows x86\_64 (Python 3.5)](https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/Connector-Python/mysql-connector-python-8.0.15-py3.5-windows-x86-64bit.msi)[Windows x86\_64 (Python 3.6)](https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/Connector-Python/mysql-connector-python-8.0.15-py3.6-windows-x86-64bit.msi)[Windows x86\_64 (Python 3.7)](https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/Connector-Python/mysql-connector-python-8.0.15-py3.7-windows-x86-64bit.msi) | [8.9.15.zip](https://github.com/mysql/mysql-connector-python/archive/8.0.15.zip) | *** Modified at: August 6, 2025 Source: [/db/v9.1/developer-resources/connect-with-application-development-tools/connect-with-python/supported-python-libraries/](https://docs.singlestore.com/db/v9.1/developer-resources/connect-with-application-development-tools/connect-with-python/supported-python-libraries/) (An index of the documentation is available at /llms.txt)