# List of Restricted Keywords ## A `ABORT` `ABS` `ABSOLUTE` `ACCESS` `ACCOUNT` `ACOS` `ACTION` `ADD` `ADDDATE` `ADDTIME` `ADMIN` `AES_DECRYPT` `AES_ENCRYPT` `AFTER` `AGAINST` `AGGREGATE` `AGGREGATES` `AGGREGATOR` `AGGREGATOR_ID` `AGGREGATOR_PLAN_HASH` `AGGREGATORS` `ALGORITHM` `ALL` `ALSO` `ALTER` `ALWAYS` `ANALYSE` `ANALYZE` `AND` `ANTI_JOIN` `ANY` `ANY_VALUE` `APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT` `APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_ACCUMULATE` `APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_COMBINE` `APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_ESTIMATE` `APPROX_GEOGRAPHY_INTERSECTS` `APPROX_PERCENTILE` `ARGHISTORY` `ARRANGE` `ARRANGEMENT` `ARRAY` `AS` `ASC` `ASCII` `ASENSITIVE` `ASIN` `ASM` `ASSERTION` `ASSIGNMENT` `AST` `ASYMMETRIC` `ASYNC` `AT` `ATAN` `ATAN2` `ATTACH` `ATTRIBUTE` `AUTHORIZATION` `AUTO` `AUTO_INCREMENT` `AUTO_REPROVISION` `AUTOSTATS` `AUTOSTATS_CARDINALITY_MODE` `AUTOSTATS_ENABLED` `AUTOSTATS_HISTOGRAM_MODE` `AUTOSTATS_SAMPLING` `AVAILABILITY` `AVG` `AVG_ROW_LENGTH` `AVRO` `AZURE` ## B `BACKGROUND` `_BACKGROUND_THREADS_FOR_CLEANUP` `BACKUP` `BACKUP_HISTORY` `BACKUP_ID` `BACKWARD` `BATCH` `BATCHES` `BATCH_INTERVAL` `_BATCH_SIZE_LIMIT` `BEFORE` `BEGIN` `BETWEEN` `BIGINT` `BIN` `BINARY` `_BINARY` `BIT` `BIT_AND` `BIT_COUNT` `BIT_OR` `BIT_XOR` `BLOB` `BOOL` `BOOLEAN` `BOOTSTRAP` `BOTH` `_BT` `BTREE` `BUCKET_COUNT` `BY` `BYTE` `BYTE_LENGTH` ## C `CACHE` `CALL` `CALL_FOR_PIPELINE` `CALLED` `CAPTURE` `CASCADE` `CASCADED` `CASE` `CAST` `CATALOG` `CEIL` `CEILING` `CHAIN` `CHANGE` `CHAR` `CHARACTER` `CHARACTERISTICS` `CHARACTER_LENGTH` `CHAR_LENGTH` `CHARSET` `CHECK` `CHECKPOINT` `_CHECK_CAN_CONNECT` `_CHECK_CONSISTENCY` `CHECKSUM` `_CHECKSUM` `CLASS` `CLEAR` `CLIENT` `CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS` `CLOSE` `CLUSTER` `CLUSTERED` `CNF` `COALESCE` `COERCIBILITY` `COLLATE` `COLLATION` `COLLECT` `COLUMN` `COLUMNAR` `COLUMNS` `COLUMNSTORE` `COLUMNSTORE_SEGMENT_ROWS` `COMMENT` `COMMENTS` `COMMIT` `COMMITTED` `_COMMIT_LOG_TAIL` `COMMITTED` `COMPACT` `COMPILE` `COMPRESSED` `COMPRESSION` `CONCAT` `CONCAT_WS` `CONCURRENT` `CONCURRENTLY` `CONDITION` `CONFIGURATION` `CONNECTION` `CONNECTION_ID` `CONNECTIONS` `CONFIG` `CONSTRAINT` `CONSTRAINTS` `CONTENT` `CONTINUE` `_CONTINUE_REPLAY` `CONV` `CONVERSION` `CONVERT` `CONVERT_TZ` `COPY` `_CORE` `COS` `COST` `COT` `COUNT` `CREATE` `CREDENTIALS` `CROSS` `CUBE` `CSV` `CUME_DIST` `CURDATE` `CURRENT` `CURRENT_CATALOG` `CURRENT_DATE` `CURRENT_ROLE` `CURRENT_SCHEMA` `CURRENT_SECURITY_GROUPS` `CURRENT_SECURITY_ROLES` `CURRENT_TIME` `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP` `CURRENT_USER` `CURSOR` `CURTIME` `CYCLE` ## D `DATA` `DATABASE` `DATABASES` `DATE` `DATE_ADD` `DATEDIFF` `DATE_FORMAT` `DATE_SUB` `DATE_TRUNC` `DATETIME` `DAY` `DAY_HOUR` `DAY_MICROSECOND` `DAY_MINUTE` `DAYNAME` `DAYOFMONTH` `DAYOFWEEK` `DAYOFYEAR` `DAY_SECOND` `DEALLOCATE` `DEC` `DECIMAL` `DECLARE` `DECODE` `DEFAULT` `DEFAULTS` `DEFERRABLE` `DEFERRED` `DEFINED` `DEFINER` `DEGREES` `DELAYED` `DELAY_KEY_WRITE` `DELETE` `DELIMITER` `DELIMITERS` `DENSE_RANK` `DESC` `DESCRIBE` `DETACH` `DETERMINISTIC` `DICTIONARY` `DIFFERENTIAL` `DIRECTORY` `DISABLE` `DISCARD` `_DISCONNECT` `DISK` `DISTINCT` `DISTINCTROW` `DISTRIBUTED_JOINS` `DIV` `DO` `DOCUMENT` `DOMAIN` `DOT_PRODUCT` `DOUBLE` `DROP` `_DROP_PROFILE` `DUAL` `DUMP` `DUPLICATE` `DYNAMIC` ## E `EARLIEST` `EACH` `ECHO` `ELECTION` `ELSE` `ELSEIF` `ELT` `ENABLE` `ENCLOSED` `ENCODING` `ENCRYPTED` `END` `ENGINE` `ENGINES` `ENUM` `ERRORS` `ESCAPE` `ESCAPED` `ESTIMATE` `EUCLIDEAN_DISTANCE` `EVENT` `EVENTS` `EXCEPT` `EXCLUDE` `EXCLUDING` `EXCLUSIVE` `EXECUTE` `EXISTS` `EXIT` `EXP` `EXPLAIN` `EXTENDED` `EXTENSION` `EXTERNAL` `EXTERNAL_HOST` `EXTERNAL_PORT` `EXTRACT` `EXTRACTOR` `EXTRACTORS` `EXTRA_JOIN` ## F `_FAILOVER` `FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS` `FAILURE` `FALSE` `FAMILY` `FAULT` `FETCH` `FIELD` `FIELDS` `FILE` `FILES` `FILL` `FIRST` `FIRST_VALUE` `FIX_ALTER` `FIXED` `FLOAT` `FLOAT4` `FLOAT8` `FLOOR` `FLUSH` `FOLLOWING` `FOR` `FORCE` `FORCE_COMPILED_MODE` `FORCE_INTERPRETER_MODE` `FOREGROUND` `FOREIGN` `FORMAT` `FORWARD` `FOUND_ROWS` `FREEZE` `FROM` `FROM_BASE64` `FROM_DAYS` `FROM_UNIXTIME` `FS` `_FSYNC` `FULL` `FULLTEXT` `FUNCTION` `FUNCTIONS` ## G `GC` `GCS` `GET_FORMAT` `_GC` `_GCX` `GENERATE` `GEOGRAPHY` `GEOGRAPHY_AREA` `GEOGRAPHY_CONTAINS` `GEOGRAPHY_DISTANCE` `GEOGRAPHY_INTERSECTS` `GEOGRAPHY_LATITUDE` `GEOGRAPHY_LENGTH` `GEOGRAPHY_LONGITUDE` `GEOGRAPHYPOINT` `GEOGRAPHY_POINT` `GEOGRAPHY_WITHIN_DISTANCE` `GEOMETRY` `GEOMETRY_AREA` `GEOMETRY_CONTAINS` `GEOMETRY_DISTANCE` `GEOMETRY_FILTER` `GEOMETRY_INTERSECTS` `GEOMETRY_LENGTH` `GEOMETRYPOINT` `GEOMETRY_POINT` `GEOMETRY_WITHIN_DISTANCE` `GEOMETRY_X` `GEOMETRY_Y` `GLOBAL` `_GLOBAL_VERSION_TIMESTAMP` `GRANT` `GRANTED` `GRANTS` `GREATEST` `GROUP` `GROUPING` `GROUPS` `GROUP_CONCAT` `GZIP` ## H `HANDLE` `HANDLER` `HARD_CPU_LIMIT_PERCENTAGE` `HASH` `HAS_TEMP_TABLES` `HAVING` `HDFS` `HEADER` `HEARTBEAT_NO_LOGGING` `HEX` `HIGHLIGHT` `HIGH_PRIORITY` `HOLD` `HOLDING` `HOST` `HOSTS` `HOUR` `HOUR_MICROSECOND` `HOUR_MINUTE` `HOUR_SECOND` ## I `IDENTIFIED` `IDENTITY` `IF` `IFNULL` `IGNORE` `ILIKE` `IMMEDIATE` `IMMUTABLE` `IMPLICIT` `IMPORT` `IN` `INCLUDING` `INCREMENT` `INCREMENTAL` `INDEX` `INDEXES` `INET_ATON` `INET_NTOA` `INET6_ATON` `INET6_NTOA` `INFILE` `INHERIT` `INHERITS` `_INIT_PROFILE` `INIT` `INITCAP` `INITIALIZE` `INITIALLY` `INJECT` `INLINE` `INNER` `INOUT` `INPUT` `INSENSITIVE` `INSERT` `INSERT_METHOD` `INSTANCE` `INSTEAD` `INSTR` `INT` `INT1` `INT2` `INT3` `INT4` `INT8` `INTEGER` `_INTERNAL_DYNAMIC_TYPECAST` `INTERPRETER_MODE` `INTERSECT` `INTERVAL` `INTO` `INVOKER` `IS` `ISNULL` `ISOLATION` `ITERATE` ## J `JOIN` `JSON` `JSON_AGG` `JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS_DOUBLE` `JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS_JSON` `JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS_STRING` `JSON_ARRAY_PUSH_DOUBLE` `JSON_ARRAY_PUSH_JSON` `JSON_ARRAY_PUSH_STRING` `JSON_DELETE_KEY` `JSON_EXTRACT_DOUBLE` `JSON_EXTRACT_JSON` `JSON_EXTRACT_STRING` `JSON_EXTRACT_BIGINT` `JSON_GET_TYPE` `JSON_LENGTH` `JSON_SET_DOUBLE` `JSON_SET_JSON` `JSON_SET_STRING` `JSON_SPLICE_DOUBLE` `JSON_SPLICE_JSON` `JSON_SPLICE_STRING` ## K `KAFKA` `KEY` `KEY_BLOCK_SIZE` `KEYS` `KILL` `KILLALL` ## L `LABEL` `LAG` `LANGUAGE` `LARGE` `LAST` `LAST_DAY` `LAST_INSERT_ID` `LAST_VALUE` `LATERAL` `LATEST` `LC_COLLATE` `LC_CTYPE` `LCASE` `LEAD` `LEADING` `LEAF` `LEAKPROOF` `LEAST` `LEAVE` `LEAVES` `LEFT` `LENGTH` `LEVEL` `LICENSE` `LIKE` `LIMIT` `LINES` `LISTEN` `LLVM` `LN` `LOAD` `LOADDATA_WHERE` `_LOAD` `LOCAL` `LOCALTIME` `LOCALTIMESTAMP` `LOCATE` `LOCATION` `LOCK` `LOG` `LOG10` `LOG2` `LONG` `LONGBLOB` `LONGTEXT` `LOOP` `LOWER` `LOW_PRIORITY` `LPAD` `_LS` `LTRIM` `LZ4` ## M `MANAGEMENT` `_MANAGEMENT_THREAD` `MAPPING` `MASTER` `MATCH` `MATERIALIZED` `MAX` `MAXVALUE` `MAX_CONCURRENCY` `MAX_ERRORS` `MAX_PARTITIONS_PER_BATCH` `MAX_QUEUE_DEPTH` `MAX_RETRIES_PER_BATCH_PARTITION` `MAX_ROWS` `MBC` `MD5` `MPL` `MEDIAN` `MEDIUMBLOB` `MEDIUMINT` `MEDIUMTEXT` `MEMBER` `MEMORY` `MEMORY_PERCENTAGE` `_MEMSQL_TABLE_ID_LOOKUP` `MEMSQL` `MEMSQL_DESERIALIZE` `MEMSQL_IMITATING_KAFKA` `MEMSQL_SERIALIZE` `MERGE` `METADATA` `MICROSECOND` `MIDDLEINT` `MIN` `MIN_ROWS` `MINUS` `MINUTE` `MINUTE_MICROSECOND` `MINUTE_SECOND` `MINVALUE` `MOD` `MODE` `MODEL` `MODIFIES` `MODIFY` `MONTH` `MONTHNAME` `MONTHS_BETWEEN` `MOVE` `MPL` ## N `NAMES` `NAMED` `NAMESPACE` `NATIONAL` `NATURAL` `NCHAR` `NEXT` `NO` `NODE` `NONE` `NO_QUERY_REWRITE` `NOPARAM` `NOT` `NOTHING` `NOTIFY` `NOW` `NOWAIT` `NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG` `NO_QUERY_REWRITE` `NORELY` `NTH_VALUE` `NTILE` `NULL` `NULLCOLS` `NULLIF` `NULLS` `NUMERIC` `NVARCHAR` ## O `OBJECT` `OCTET_LENGTH` `OF` `OFF` `OFFLINE` `OFFSET` `OFFSETS` `OIDS` `ON` `ONLINE` `ONLY` `OPEN` `OPERATOR` `OPTIMIZATION` `OPTIMIZE` `OPTIMIZER` `OPTIMIZER_STATE` `OPTION` `OPTIONS` `OPTIONALLY` `OR` `ORDER` `ORDERED_SERIALIZE` `ORPHAN` `OUT` `OUT_OF_ORDER` `OUTER` `OUTFILE` `OVER` `OVERLAPS` `OVERLAY` `OWNED` `OWNER` ## P `PACK_KEYS` `PAIRED` `PARSER` `PARQUET` `PARTIAL` `PARTITION` `PARTITION_ID` `PARTITIONING` `PARTITIONS` `PASSING` `PASSWORD` `PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME` `PARSER` `PAUSE` `_PAUSE_REPLAY` `PERCENT_RANK` `PERCENTILE_CONT` `PERCENTILE_DISC` `PERIODIC` `PERSISTED` `PI` `PIPELINE` `PIPELINES` `PIVOT` `PLACING` `PLAN` `PLANS` `PLANCACHE` `PLUGINS` `POOL` `POOLS` `PORT` `POSITION` `POW` `POWER` `PRECEDING` `PRECISION` `PREPARE` `PREPARED` `PRESERVE` `PRIMARY` `PRIOR` `PRIVILEGES` `PROCEDURAL` `PROCEDURE` `PROCEDURES` `PROCESS` `PROCESSLIST` `PROFILE` `PROFILES` `PROGRAM` `PROMOTE` `PROXY` `PURGE` ## Q `QUARTER` `QUERIES` `QUERY` `QUERY_TIMEOUT` `QUEUE` `QUOTE` ## R `RADIANS` `RAND` `RANGE` `RANK` `READ` `_READ` `READS` `REAL` `REASSIGN` `REBALANCE` `RECHECK` `RECORD` `RECURSIVE` `REDUNDANCY` `REDUNDANT` `REF` `REFERENCE` `REFERENCES` `REFRESH` `REGEXP` `REINDEX` `RELATIVE` `RELEASE` `RELOAD` `RELY` `REMOTE` `REMOVE` `RENAME` `REPAIR` `_REPAIR_TABLE` `REPEAT` `REPEATABLE` `_REPL` `_REPROVISIONING` `REPLACE` `REPLICA` `REPLICATE` `REPLICATING` `REPLICATION` `DURABILITY` `REQUIRE` `RESOURCE` `RESOURCE_POOL` `RESET` `RESTART` `RESTORE` `RESTRICT` `RESULT` `_RESURRECT` `RETRY` `RETURN` `RETURNING` `RETURNS` `REVERSE` `REVOKE` `RG_POOL` `RIGHT` `RIGHT_ANTI_JOIN` `RIGHT_SEMI_JOIN` `RIGHT_STRAIGHT_JOIN` `RLIKE` `ROLE` `ROLES` `ROLLBACK` `ROLLUP` `ROUND` `ROUTINE` `ROW` `ROW_COUNT` `ROW_FORMAT` `ROW_NUMBER` `ROWS` `ROWSTORE` `RULE` `RPAD` `_RPC` `RTRIM` `RUNNING` ## S `S3` `SAFE` `SAVE` `SAVEPOINT` `SCALAR` `SCHEMA` `SCHEMAS` `SCHEMA_BINDING` `SCROLL` `SEARCH` `SECOND` `SECOND_MICROSECOND` `SEC_TO_TIME` `SECURITY` `SELECT` `SEMI_JOIN` `_SEND_THREADS` `SENSITIVE` `SEPARATOR` `SEQUENCE` `SEQUENCES` `SERIAL` `SERIALIZABLE` `SERIES` `SERVICE_USER` `SERVER` `SESSION` `SESSION_USER` `SET` `SETOF` `SECURITY_LISTS_INTERSECT` `SHA` `SHA1` `SHA2` `SHARD` `SHARDED` `SHARDED_ID` `SHARE` `SHOW` `SHUTDOWN` `SIGMOID` `SIGN` `SIGNAL` `SIMILAR` `SIMPLE` `SITE` `SIGNED` `SIN` `SKIP` `SKIPPED_BATCHES` `SLEEP` `_SLEEP` `SMALLINT` `SNAPSHOT` `_SNAPSHOT` `_SNAPSHOTS` `SOFT_CPU_LIMIT_PERCENTAGE` `SOME` `SONAME` `SPARSE` `SPATIAL` `SPATIAL_CHECK_INDEX` `SPECIFIC` `SPLIT` `SQL` `SQL_BIG_RESULT` `SQL_BUFFER_RESULT` `SQL_CACHE` `SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS` `SQLEXCEPTION` `SQL_MODE` `SQL_NO_CACHE` `SQL_NO_LOGGING` `SQL_SMALL_RESULT` `SQLSTATE` `SQLWARNING` `SQRT` `SSL` `STABLE` `STANDALONE` `START` `STARTING` `STATE` `STATEMENT` `STATISTICS` `STATS` `STATUS` `STD` `STDDEV` `STDDEV_POP` `STDDEV_SAMP` `STDIN` `STDOUT` `STOP` `STORAGE` `STR_TO_DATE` `STRAIGHT_JOIN` `STRICT` `STRING` `STRIP` `SUBDATE` `SUBSTR` `SUBSTRING` `SUBSTRING_INDEX` `SUCCESS` `SUM` `SUPER` `SYMMETRIC` `SYNC_SNAPSHOT` `SYNC` `_SYNC` `_SYNC2` `_SYNC_PARTITIONS` `_SYNC_SNAPSHOT` `SYNCHRONIZE` `SYSID` `SYSTEM` ## T `TABLE` `TABLE_CHECKSUM` `TABLES` `TABLESPACE` `TAGS` `TAN` `TARGET_SIZE` `TASK` `TEMP` `TEMPLATE` `TEMPORARY` `TEMPTABLE` `_TERM_BUMP` `TERMINATE` `TERMINATED` `TEST` `TEXT` `THEN` `TIME` `TIMEDIFF` `TIME_BUCKET` `TIME_FORMAT` `TIMEOUT` `TIMESTAMP` `TIMESTAMPADD` `TIMESTAMPDIFF` `TIMEZONE` `TIME_TO_SEC` `TINYBLOB` `TINYINT` `TINYTEXT` `TO` `TO_BASE64` `TO_CHAR` `TO_DATE` `TO_DAYS` `TO_JSON` `TO_NUMBER` `TO_SECONDS` `TO_TIMESTAMP` `TRACELOGS` `TRADITIONAL` `TRAILING` `TRANSFORM` `TRANSACTION` `_TRANSACTIONS_EXPERIMENTAL` `TREAT` `TRIGGER` `TRIGGERS` `TRIM` `TRUE` `TRUNC` `TRUNCATE` `TRUSTED` `TWO_PHASE` `_TWOPCID` `TYPE` `TYPES` ## U `UCASE` `UNBOUNDED` `UNCOMMITTED` `UNDEFINED` `UNDO` `UNENCRYPTED` `UNENFORCED` `UNHEX` `UNHOLD` `UNICODE` `UNION` `UNIQUE` `_UNITTEST` `UNIX_TIMESTAMP` `UNKNOWN` `UNLISTEN` `_UNLOAD` `UNLOCK` `UNLOGGED` `UNPIVOT` `UNSIGNED` `UNTIL` `UPDATE` `UPGRADE` `UPPER` `USAGE` `USE` `USER` `USERS` `USING` `UTC_DATE` `UTC_TIME` `UTC_TIMESTAMP` `_UTF8` ## V `VACUUM` `VALID` `VALIDATE` `VALIDATOR` `VALUE` `VALUES` `VARBINARY` `VARCHAR` `VARCHARACTER` `VARIABLES` `VARIADIC` `VARIANCE` `VAR_POP` `VAR_SAMP` `VARYING` `VECTOR_SUB` `VERBOSE` `VERSION` `VIEW` `VOID` `VOLATILE` `VOTING` ## W `WAIT` `_WAKE` `WARNINGS` `WEEK` `WEEKDAY` `WEEKOFYEAR` `WHEN` `WHERE` `WHILE` `WHITESPACE` `WINDOW` `WITH` `WITHOUT` `WITHIN` `_WM_HEARTBEAT` `WORK` `WORKLOAD` `WRAPPER` `WRITE` ## X `XACT_ID` `XOR` ## Y `YEAR` `YEAR_MONTH` `YES` ## Z `ZEROFILL` `ZONE` *** Modified at: July 20, 2022 Source: [/db/v9.1/reference/sql-reference/restricted-keywords/list-of-restricted-keywords/](https://docs.singlestore.com/db/v9.1/reference/sql-reference/restricted-keywords/list-of-restricted-keywords/) (An index of the documentation is available at /llms.txt)