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Character Encoding

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Working with Character Sets and Collations

A character set is a collection of symbols and their encodings. A collation defines the rules for comparing and sorting the characters in a character set. SingleStore supports a variety of character sets and each character set can have multiple collations.

By default, the character set and collation are set to utf8 and utf8_general_ci, respectively, across the cluster. You can override the default values, as explained in Specifying Character Set and Collation for Clusters.

Unicode Support

SingleStore supports the Unicode standard that includes the characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) and the supplementary characters that lie outside the BMP. The first 65536 Unicode characters in the BMP, whose code points range from U+0000 to U+FFFF, are encoded in variable length from 1 to 3 bytes per character. The supplementary characters, whose code points range from U+10000 to U+10FFFF, are encoded in lengths of 4 bytes per character. With the 4-byte character encoding (utf8mb4), SingleStore supports all the characters in the BMP and supplementary characters that lie outside the BMP, including the private use area (PUA) which can contain the encoding of pictographic symbols (emojis) and ancient scripts, such as Egyptian hieroglyphs.

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Last modified: November 18, 2022

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Verification instructions

Note: You must install cosign to verify the authenticity of the SingleStore file.

Use the following steps to verify the authenticity of singlestoredb-server, singlestoredb-toolbox, singlestoredb-studio, and singlestore-client SingleStore files that have been downloaded.

You may perform the following steps on any computer that can run cosign, such as the main deployment host of the cluster.

  1. (Optional) Run the following command to view the associated signature files.

    curl undefined

  2. Download the signature file from the SingleStore release server.

    • Option 1: Click the Download Signature button next to the SingleStore file.

    • Option 2: Copy and paste the following URL into the address bar of your browser and save the signature file.

    • Option 3: Run the following command to download the signature file.

      curl -O undefined

  3. After the signature file has been downloaded, run the following command to verify the authenticity of the SingleStore file.

    echo -n undefined |
        cosign verify-blob --certificate-oidc-issuer https://oidc.eks.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/id/CCDCDBA1379A5596AB5B2E46DCA385BC \
          --certificate-identity https://kubernetes.io/namespaces/freya-production/serviceaccounts/job-worker \
          --bundle undefined \
          --new-bundle-format -
    Verified OK