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EXPLAIN

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Returns detailed information on how the query is executed.

EXPLAIN displays query execution operations as a tree, where the operator at the top is the last executed before returning the result to the client, and operators below are executed before their parents. EXPLAIN plans can also be visualized via a graphical interface using SingleStore Visual Explain.

See the examples section below for descriptions of the most common types of information in EXPLAIN output.

Syntax

EXPLAIN [EXTENDED | JSON | JSON INTO OUTFILE file_name | DUPLICATE | MBC | MPL | REPRO | UI]
  { select_statement
   | insert_select_statement
   | update_statement
   | delete_statement }

Remarks

  • EXPLAIN can be run with an arbitrary SELECT, INSERT…SELECT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.

  • EXPLAIN displays the plan SingleStore would generate if the query were reoptimized and recompiled now. If the query has already been run and a plan has already been saved in the plancache, that plan will be reused, even though it may differ from the plan displayed by EXPLAIN. You may run DROP … FROM PLANCACHE to force the query to be reoptimized and recompiled. Note that running ANALYZE will automatically drop and recompile query plans if data statistics have changed significantly.

  • In most cases when the optimizer makes a cost-based decision, EXPLAIN output displays estimated statistics and costs.

  • If the enable_disk_plan_explain global variable is enabled, the explain tree information is also stored in the persisted plancache, in human-readable format. When enable_disk_plan_explain is enabled, the SHOW PLAN [JSON] plan_id command can also be used to display the explain information. Refer to the SHOW PLAN topic for details.

  • The explain_expression_limit engine variable specifies the limit of the number of characters EXPLAIN will return. Increase the value to get more text in the EXPLAIN results. Alternatively, EXPLAIN JSON shows the entire result.

  • The INTO OUTFILE file_name clause writes the explain information in JSON or text format to a file. It creates a new file at the specified location and writes the query profile details to the file. Enter the absolute path to the file as the file_name parameter. The output file can be a JSON or a text file.

    ---To display the explain information in text format
    SHOW PLAN 3;
    ---To display the explain information in JSON format
    SHOW PLAN JSON 3;

  • Refer to the Permission Matrix for the required permission.

Visual Explain via EXPLAIN UI

Using EXPLAIN UI will generate a URL that loads a visual representation of the query explain. When you open the link, the Visual Explain site is loaded and the query explain is displayed.

Explain Modes

  • EXPLAIN outputs the explain information in a human-readable format.

  • EXPLAIN EXTENDED outputs more detailed information for the query plan in addition to the information displayed by EXPLAIN.

  • EXPLAIN JSON outputs the explain information in JSON format, which may be more machine-readable.

  • EXPLAIN DUPLICATE returns the query text in an explicit manner. Commands like SELECT * are expanded to list all the actual columns, e.g. SELECT t.a, t.b. Additionally, some syntax is rewritten. For example, correlated subselects may be rewritten as joins so that they are more performant. This mode is useful for query tuning because it displays the query text before the execution plan is generated. The text generated by EXPLAIN DUPLICATE is fully functional: you can copy and paste it into a SQL editor and run it.

  • EXPLAIN REPRO outputs the explain information in JSON format and provides important debugging information. This mode works for SELECT queries only. The debugging information consists of:

    • DDL for all database objects relevant to the query

    • Global variable settings

    • Session variable settings

    • Table statistics metadata

    • Sampling cache for filter selectivities

    • Sampling cache for row counts

    • Autostats results cache

  • EXPLAIN UI generates a URL that, when opened, loads a visual representation of the query profile on the Visual Explain website.

Additionally, the following EXPLAIN modes are provided for informational and debugging purposes only and may be changed at any time:

  • EXPLAIN MBC outputs SingleStore Byte Code generated for the query

  • EXPLAIN MPL outputs SingleStore Programming Language code generated for the query

EXPLAIN

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t;
+-----------------------------------+
| EXPLAIN                           |
+-----------------------------------+
| Project [t.id, t.a, t.b]          |
| Gather partitions:all             |
| Project [t.id, t.a, t.b]          |
| TableScan db1.t, PRIMARY KEY (id) |
+-----------------------------------+

EXPLAIN EXTENDED

EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT * FROM t;
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| EXPLAIN                                                                                                        |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Project [t.id, t.a, t.b]                                                                                       |
| Gather partitions:all query:[SELECT `t`.`id` AS `id`, `t`.`a` AS `a`, `t`.`b` AS `b` FROM `db1_0`.`t` as `t` ] |
| Project [t.id, t.a, t.b]                                                                                       |
| TableScan db1.t, PRIMARY KEY (id)                                                                              |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

EXPLAIN JSON

EXPLAIN JSON SELECT * FROM t;
----------------------------------------------
{
    "executor":"Project",
    "out":{
        "":"t.id",
        "":"t.a",
        "":"t.b"
    },
    "inputs":[
        {
            "executor":"Gather",
            "partitions":"all",
            "query":"SELECT `t`.`id` AS `id`, `t`.`a` AS `a`, `t`.`b` AS `b` FROM `db1_0`.`t` as `t` ",
            "inputs":[
                {
                    "executor":"Project",
                    "out":{
                        "":"t.id",
                        "":"t.a",
                        "":"t.b"
                    },
                    "subselects":[],
                    "inputs":[
                        {
                            "executor":"TableScan",
                            "db":"db1",
                            "table":"t",
                            "alias":"t",
                            "index":"PRIMARY KEY (id)",
                            "storage":"lf_skiplist",
                            "dir":"forward",
                            "inputs":[]
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

EXPLAIN JSON INTO OUTFILE

EXPLAIN JSON INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/t1.json' SELECT * FROM t1;

To view the contents of the t1.json file, run the following command at the root prompt:

cat '/tmp/t1.json';

Output file:

{
    "plan_warnings": {
    },
    "explain":[
        {
            "executor":"Gather",
            "partitions":"all",
            "query":"SELECT `t1`.`a` AS `a`, `t1`.`b` AS `b` FROM `db_0`.`t1` as `t1`  \/*!90623 OPTION(NO_QUERY_REWRITE=1, INTERPRETER_MODE=INTERPRET_FIRST)*\/",
            "alias":"remote_0",
            "inputs":[
                {
                    "executor":"Project",
                    "out":[
                        {
                            "alias":"",
                            "projection":"t1.a"
                        },
                        {
                            "alias":"",
                            "projection":"t1.b"
                        }
                    ],
                    "subselects":[],
                    "inputs":[
                        {
                            "executor":"TableScan",
                            "db":"db",
                            "table":"t1",
                            "alias":"t1",
                            "index":"PRIMARY KEY ()",
                            "storage":"lf_skiplist",
                            "dir":"forward",
                            "table_type":"sharded_rowstore",
                            "inputs":[]
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "version":"4",
    "info":{
        "memsql_version":"7.1.2",
        "memsql_version_hash":"5ae405fc1fe7cf3b9fc8cab1115e8080e67f2476",
        "num_online_leaves":"1",
        "num_online_aggs":"1",
        "context_database":"db"
    },
    "query_info":{
        "query_text":"EXPLAIN JSON INTO OUTFILE '\/tmp\/t1.json' SELECT * FROM t1",
        "text_explain":"Gather partitions:all alias:remote_0\nProject [t1.a, t1.b]\nTableScan db.t1 table_type:sharded_rowstore\n"
    }

EXPLAIN DUPLICATE

EXPLAIN DUPLICATE SELECT * FROM t;
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| query                                                                         |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| SELECT `t`.`id` AS `id`,`t`.`a` AS `a`, `t`.`b` AS `b` FROM `test`.`t` as `t` |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

EXPLAIN MBC

EXPLAIN MBC SELECT * FROM t;
----------------------------------------------
EXPLAIN
# explain mbc select * from t
Data:
                   static:  offset=0         size=125       align=1         ata="USING `\?`::`\?` AGGREGATOR_ID = \?, CONNECTION_ID = \? SELECT `t`.`id` AS `id`, `t`.`a` AS `a`, `t`.`b` AS `b` FROM `t` as `t` \x00"""
Function 0 <100000:CreateProjectState>:
     Locals:
         local      rvToReturn:  offset=0         size=8         align=8         type=int64_t
         local     rvToReceive:  offset=16        size=16        align=16        type=uint128_t
         param   hiddenRvParam:  offset=32        size=8         align=8         type={ state1: { RemoteElement: RemoteElement, a: { value: int32_t, opt: Opt, pack(4) }, b: { value: int32_t, opt: Opt, pack(4) }, : int64_t, id: int32_t } }*
|         local    state1Addr_1:  offset=40        size=8         align=8         type={ RemoteElement: RemoteElement, a: { value: int32_t, opt: Opt, pack(4) }, b: { value: int32_t, opt: Opt, pack(4) }, : int64_t, id: int32_t }*
     0x0000  Junk                                                      local=hiddenRvParam  i32=32
     0x000c  Lea                                                       local=&state1Addr_1  local=hiddenRvParam  i32=0
     0x001c  Call                                                      func=10 <row_0tmp1_internal_ctor>  local=state1Addr_1
     0x002c  Junk                                                      local=&state1Addr_1  i32=8
     0x0038  Literal8                                                  local=&rvToReturn  i64=1
     0x0048  Return
Function 1 <100000:CreateMatchedRowContext>:
                    ........

EXPLAIN MPL

EXPLAIN MPL SELECT * from t;
----------------------------------------------
 # 82519a8824563b8dce2c4ea02571a1efddf408ee
 # EXPLAIN MPL SELECT * from t
 type context_t1 <
 {
   state1: struct2,
   state2: struct3
 }
 type struct3 <
 {
   buffer: ProtocolRowBuffer
 }
 type exprs_t1 <
 {                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         state1: row_0tmp1
 }
 type struct2 <
 {
   xact: Transaction*
 }
 type row_0tmp1 <
 {
   RemoteElement: RemoteElement,
   a: struct1,
   b: struct1,
   : int64_t
 }
 type struct1 <
 {
   value: int32_t,
   opt: Opt
   pack(4)
 }
 type CachePerQuery1 <
 {
 }
 declare 100000:networkCtor0: fn(`state0`: struct3*) void <
 {
     {
         ProtocolRowBufferInitLocal(&((*(`state0`)).buffer))
         return
     }
 }
 declare 100000:CreateProjectState: ctor fn() exprs_t1 <
 {
     { }
 }
 declare 100000:CreateMatchedRowContext: ctor fn() context_t1 <
 {
     {
         BZero(cast<void*>(&(((*(this)).state1).xact)), 8)
         call networkCtor0(&((*(this)).state2))
     }
 }
 declare 100000:UncorrelatedSubselectParameterArrayPopulation: fn(`context0`: context_t1*, `parameterArray1`: ParameterArray*, `allocator2`: TempIncrementalAllocator*, `itemOrdinal4`: int32_t*, `synthInListArgCount5`: int32_t*, `synthInListEndOffset6`: int32_t*, `synthInListBeginOffset7`: int32_t*) void <
 {
     {
         *(`itemOrdinal4`) < 1
         return
     }
 }
 declare 100000:RowToRowElement: fn(`row0`: MemSqlClientValue*, `rowElementPtr1`: void*) void <
 {
     Assert(0)
     CheckErrorButNotKilledFlag()
     return
 }
 declare 100000:remoteRowElementCtor: ctor fn() exprs_t1 <
 {
     { }
 }
 declare 100000:remoteRowElementInit: fn(`state0`: exprs_t1*) void <
 {
     { }
 }
 declare 100000:remoteRowElementCtorAndInit: fn(`elem0`: void*) void <
 {
     {
         *(cast<exprs_t1*>(`elem0`)) < call remoteRowElementCtor()
         call remoteRowElementInit(cast<exprs_t1*>(`elem0`))
         return
     }
 }
 declare 100000:remoteRowElementDtorInternal: noexcept dtor fn(`elem0`: exprs_t1*) void <
 {
     { }
 }
 declare 100000:remoteRowElementDtor: noexcept fn(`elem0`: void*) void <
 {
     {
         call remoteRowElementDtorInternal(cast<exprs_t1*>(`elem0`))
         return
     }
 }
 declare 100000:ScanTable0: fn(`exprs1`: exprs_t1*, `context2`: context_t1*, `xact3`: Transaction*, `foundRowParam4`: bool*) bool <
 {
     {
         declare `affectedRows5`: uint64_t < 0
         declare `networkTicks6`: uint64_t < 0
         declare `scannedRows7`: uint64_t < 0
         declare `allocator8`: TempIncrementalAllocator < CreateTempIncrementalAllocator(41)
         {
             declare `itemOrdinal11`: int32_t < 1
             declare `outputAction12`: int32_t < 1
             declare `rowOffset9`: uint64_t < 0
             declare `rowLimit10`: uint64_t < 9223372036854775807
             declare `synthInListEndOffset13`: int32_t < 0
             declare `synthInListArgCount14`: int32_t < 0
             declare `synthInListBeginOffset15`: int32_t < 1
             declare `trc18`: TableRuntimeContext* < GetRuntimeContext(0)
             declare `synthesizedParams19`: ParameterArray < ParameterArrayInit()
             call UncorrelatedSubselectParameterArrayPopulation(&(`synthesizedParams19`), cast<TempIncrementalAllocator*>(&(`allocator8`)), &(`itemOrdinal11`), &(`synthInListArgCount14`), &(`synthInListEndOffset13`), &(`synthInListBeginOffset15`))
             declare `inListPartitions20`: uint64_t* < []
             declare `inListPartitionsRanges21`: uint64_t* < []
             declare `inListPartitionsSize22`: uint64_t < 0
             declare `paramAlloc23`: TempIncrementalAllocator < CreateTempIncrementalAllocator(41)
             declare `dp16`: DeParametrizer < DeParametrizerFillIn(" /*!90621 OBJECT()*/ SELECT WITH(binary_serialization_internal=1) `t`.`a` AS `a`, `t`.`b` AS `b` FROM `t` as `t`  /*!90623 OPTION(NO_QUERY_REWRITE=1, INTERPRETER_MODE=INTERPRET_FIRST)*/", &(`paramAlloc23`), 185, 9, &(`synthInListEndOffset13`), &(`synthInListArgCount14`), &(`synthInListBeginOffset15`))
             DeParametrizerParamInit(&(`dp16`), 0, 1, 1, 2, 1)
             DeParametrizerParamInit(&(`dp16`), 1, 1, 1, 4, 1)
             DeParametrizerParamInit(&(`dp16`), 2, 1, 1, 6, 1)
             DeParametrizerParamInit(&(`dp16`), 3, 1, 1, 8, 1)
             DeParametrizerParamInit(&(`dp16`), 4, 1, 1, 12, 1)
             DeParametrizerParamInit(&(`dp16`), 5, 1, 1, 11, 1)
             DeParametrizerParamInit(&(`dp16`), 6, 1, 1, 13, 1)
             DeParametrizerParamInit(&(`dp16`), 7, 1, 1, 7, 1)
             DeParametrizerParamInit(&(`dp16`), 8, 1, 1, 10, 1)
             declare `queryParallelism24`: int32_t < SetupQueryParallelism(0, &(`trc18`))
             declare `npartitions27`: int32_t < 0
             declare `part28`: RuntimePartitionBoundary** < 0
             RuntimePartitionBoundarySetUp(cast<TempIncrementalAllocator*>(&(`allocator8`)), &(`trc18`), `inListPartitions20`, `inListPartitionsSize22`, &(`npartitions27`), &(`part28`))
             DeParametrizerInListUpdate(cast<TempIncrementalAllocator*>(&(`allocator8`)), &(`dp16`), `inListPartitions20`, `inListPartitionsRanges21`, `inListPartitionsSize22`, 1)
             {
                 declare `rowBuffer29`: ProtocolRowBuffer < ProtocolRowBufferInit()
                 ProtocolRowBufferInitLocal(&(`rowBuffer29`))
                 declare `simpleStreamingIterator31`: MbcSimpleStreamingIterator < SimpleStreamingIteratorInit(cast<TempIncrementalAllocator*>(&(`allocator8`)), &(`networkTicks6`), &(`scannedRows7`), &(`dp16`), &(`trc18`), &(`synthesizedParams19`), &(`queryParallelism24`), 24, remoteRowElementCtorAndInit, RowToRowElement, remoteRowElementDtor, 1, 1, 1, &(`npartitions27`), &(`part28`), 0)
                 QueryAllPartitionsWithoutRowElement(&(`simpleStreamingIterator31`), &(`outputAction12`), &(`rowOffset9`), &(`rowLimit10`), 0, &(`rowBuffer29`))
                 ProtocolRowBufferFlush(&(`rowBuffer29`))
             }
         }
         FinalizeDistributedQueryStats(&(`networkTicks6`), &(`scannedRows7`))
         return 0
     }
 }
 declare 100000:plan: fn(`xact0`: Transaction*) bool <
 {
     {
         defer CheckError()
         {
             declare `epoch1`: AutoReadEpochNoInline < AutoReadEpochNoInlineInit(GetThreadId())
             declare `context2`: context_t1 < call CreateMatchedRowContext()
             declare `exprs3`: exprs_t1 < call CreateProjectState()
             ((`context2`).state1).xact < `xact0`
             CheckClientConnection()
             SendMetadata()
             {
                 declare `distributedXact4`: AutoShardedWriteQueryXact < AutoShardedWriteQueryXactInit(0, 0, 0, 1, 0)
                 AutoShardedWriteQueryXactPrepareToEat(&(`distributedXact4`), 0)
                 AutoShardedWriteQueryXactEatPartitions(&(`distributedXact4`))
                 {
                     declare `rowFoundPtrParam5`: bool < 0
                     if (call ScanTable0(`xact0`, &(`rowFoundPtrParam5`)))
                     {
                     }
                 }
             }
             FinalizeQuery()
             {
                 CheckError()
             }
             return 1
         }
     }
 }
 declare 100000:Estimate: fn() uint64_t <
 {
     declare `context0`: context_t1 < call CreateMatchedRowContext()
     declare `exprs1`: exprs_t1 < call CreateProjectState()
     return 0
 }
 declare SetupCachePerQuery: noexcept fn(`cachePerQuery0`: CachePerQuery1*, `retryOnOOM1`: bool) bool <
 try
 {
     return 1
 }
 catch return 0
 declare main: noexcept fn() int64_t <
 try
 {
     {
         declare `cachePerQuery1`: CachePerQuery1 < []
         CheckFault(call SetupCachePerQuery(&(`cachePerQuery1`), 0))
         SetCachePerQuery(cast<void*>(&(`cachePerQuery1`)))
         defer SetCachePerQuery(0)
         declare `allocator2`: TempIncrementalAllocator < CreateTempIncrementalAllocator(20)
         StoreTempAllocForGISInInterpVars(&(`allocator2`))
         declare `xact0`: AutoQueryXact < InitAutoReadQueryXact()
         declare `xact4`: Transaction* < GetQueryTransaction()
         {
             try
             {
                 declare `ret3`: bool < call 100000:plan(`xact4`)
                 CheckError()
                 AutoQueryXactCommit(&(`xact0`))
             }
             fault
             {
                 AutoQueryXactRollback(&(`xact0`))
             }
         }
         return 3
     }
 }
 catch return 5

EXPLAIN REPRO

The debugging information starts at the key debug_info in the output.

EXPLAIN REPRO SELECT * FROM t;
----------------------------------------------
The first section is typical EXPLAIN JSON output:
| EXPLAIN
••••
Then the debugging information is in the next section of the output:
debug_info":
{
        "optimizer_caches":{
},
        "ddl":[
    "CREATE DATABASE `test1` PARTITIONS 8",
    "USING `test1` CREATE TABLE `t` (\n  `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,\n  `a` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,\n  `b` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,\n KEY `__UNORDERED` () USING CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE\n  , SHARD KEY () \n) AUTOSTATS_CARDINALITY_MODE=INCREMENTAL AUTOSTATS_HISTOGRAM_MODE=CREATE AUTOSTATS_SAMPLING=ON SQL_MODE='STRICT_ALL_TABLES'"
],
        "variables":{"as_aggregator": 1, "as_leaf": 0, "batch_external_functions": 0, "binary_serialization": 1, "client_found_rows": 0, "collation_server": 2, "datetime_precision_mode": 0, "default_columnstore_table_lock_threshold": 0, "disable_histogram_estimation": 0, "disable_sampling_estimation": 0, "disable_sampling_estimation_with_histograms": 2, "disable_subquery_merge_with_straight_joins": 2, "display_full_estimation_stats": 0, "distributed_optimizer_broadcast_mult": 0, "distributed_optimizer_estimated_restricted_search_cost_bound": 125, "distributed_optimizer_max_join_size": 22, "distributed_optimizer_min_join_size_run_initial_heuristics": 16, "distributed_optimizer_nodes": 0, "distributed_optimizer_old_selectivity_table_threshold": 22, "distributed_optimizer_run_legacy_heuristic": 0, "distributed_optimizer_selectivity_fallback_threshold": 50000000, "distributed_optimizer_unrestricted_search_threshold": 22, "enable_broadcast_left_join": 1, "enable_local_shuffle_group_by": 1, "enable_multipartition_queries": 1, "enable_skiplist_sampling_for_selectivity": 1, "force_bloom_filters": 0, "force_bushy_join_table_limit": 18, "force_bushy_joins": 0, "force_heuristic_rewrites": 0, "force_table_pushdown": 0, "hash_groupby_segment_distinct_values_threshold": 10000, "ignore_insert_into_computed_column": 0, "inlist_precision_limit": 10000, "interpreter_mode": 4, "leaf_pushdown_default": 0, "leaf_pushdown_enable_rowcount": 120000, "materialize_ctes": 0, "max_broadcast_tree_rowcount": 120000, "max_subselect_aggregator_rowcount": 120000, "node_degree_of_parallelism": 0, "old_local_join_optimizer": 0, "optimize_constants": 1, "optimize_stmt_threshold": 50, "optimizer_beam_width": 10, "optimizer_cross_join_cost": 1.000000, "optimizer_disable_right_join": 0, "optimizer_disable_subselect_to_join": 0, "optimizer_empty_tables_limit": 0, "optimizer_hash_join_cost": 1.000000, "optimizer_merge_join_cost": 1.000000, "optimizer_nested_join_cost": 1.000000, "optimizer_num_partitions": 0, "quadratic_rewrite_size_limit": 200, "query_rewrite_loop_iterations": 1, "reshuffle_group_by_base_cost": 0, "sampling_estimates_for_complex_filters": 1, "singlebox_optimizer_cost_based_threshold": 18, "sql_mode": 4194304, "sql_select_limit": 1, "subquery_merge_with_outer_joins": 3, "cardinality_estimation_level": 3, "data_conversion_compatibility_level": 0, "debug_mode": 0, "default_partitions_per_leaf": 8, "disable_update_delete_distributed_transactions": 0, "enable_alias_space_trim": 0, "enable_spilling": 0, "explicit_defaults_for_timestamp": 1, "json_extract_string_collation": 3, "resource_pool_statement_selector_function": 4294967300, "use_avx2": 1, "use_joincolumnstore": 1, "resource_pool_is_auto": 0},
        "optimizer_stats":[
    {
    "version": 2,
    "databaseName": "test1",
    "tables": [
        {
            "tableName": "t",
            "rowCount": "4096",
            "columns": [
                {
                    "columnName": "id",
                    "nullCount": "0",
                    "minValue": "",
                    "maxValue": "",
                    "cardinality": "11",
                    "density": "0x0p+0",
                    "sampleSize": "0",
                    "lastUpdated": "1646247938"
                },
                {
                    "columnName": "a",
                    "nullCount": "0",
                    "minValue": "",
                    "maxValue": "",
                    "cardinality": "11",
                    "density": "0x0p+0",
                    "sampleSize": "0",
                    "lastUpdated": "1646247938"
                },
                {
                    "columnName": "b",
                    "nullCount": "0",
                    "minValue": "",
                    "maxValue": "",
                    "cardinality": "11",
                    "density": "0x0p+0",
                    "sampleSize": "0",
                    "lastUpdated": "1646247938"
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "stats": [
        {
            "tableName": "t",
            "columns": [
                {
                    "columnName": "id"
                },
                {
                    "columnName": "a"
                },
                {
                    "columnName": "b"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}
]
        }
    } |

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Last modified: April 28, 2025

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Verification instructions

Note: You must install cosign to verify the authenticity of the SingleStore file.

Use the following steps to verify the authenticity of singlestoredb-server, singlestoredb-toolbox, singlestoredb-studio, and singlestore-client SingleStore files that have been downloaded.

You may perform the following steps on any computer that can run cosign, such as the main deployment host of the cluster.

  1. (Optional) Run the following command to view the associated signature files.

    curl undefined

  2. Download the signature file from the SingleStore release server.

    • Option 1: Click the Download Signature button next to the SingleStore file.

    • Option 2: Copy and paste the following URL into the address bar of your browser and save the signature file.

    • Option 3: Run the following command to download the signature file.

      curl -O undefined

  3. After the signature file has been downloaded, run the following command to verify the authenticity of the SingleStore file.

    echo -n undefined |
        cosign verify-blob --certificate-oidc-issuer https://oidc.eks.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/id/CCDCDBA1379A5596AB5B2E46DCA385BC \
          --certificate-identity https://kubernetes.io/namespaces/freya-production/serviceaccounts/job-worker \
          --bundle undefined \
          --new-bundle-format -
    Verified OK