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Procedural SQL Reference

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This section contains information about SingleStore Procedural SQL (PSQL), which encompasses stored procedures, user-defined scalar-value functions (UDFs), user-defined table-valued functions (TVFs), and user-defined aggregate functions (UDAFs).

Wasm-based Functions

SingleStore also supports Wasm-based functions. Refer to Code Engine - Powered by Wasm for information on creating Wasm-based UDFs and TVFs. To create Wasm-based UDAFs, refer to CREATE AGGREGATE. If your logic and data structures can be implemented in PSQL with reasonable effort in a way that performs well, use PSQL. For integrating more complex logic and data structures, or using existing C/C++ or Rust code, SingleStore recommends using Wasm-based functions.

For information on when to use PSQL, Wasm-based, or external functions, refer to Choose Between PSQL, Wasm-based, and External Functions.

Extensions

Extensions in SingleStore allow you to combine user-defined objects, such as UDFs or UDAFs, into a packaged archive and then create, manage, and deploy these objects and other resources using the CREATE EXTENSION command. Extensions support both PSQL and Wasm-based functions. Refer to Extensions for more information.

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Last modified: June 13, 2025

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Verification instructions

Note: You must install cosign to verify the authenticity of the SingleStore file.

Use the following steps to verify the authenticity of singlestoredb-server, singlestoredb-toolbox, singlestoredb-studio, and singlestore-client SingleStore files that have been downloaded.

You may perform the following steps on any computer that can run cosign, such as the main deployment host of the cluster.

  1. (Optional) Run the following command to view the associated signature files.

    curl undefined

  2. Download the signature file from the SingleStore release server.

    • Option 1: Click the Download Signature button next to the SingleStore file.

    • Option 2: Copy and paste the following URL into the address bar of your browser and save the signature file.

    • Option 3: Run the following command to download the signature file.

      curl -O undefined

  3. After the signature file has been downloaded, run the following command to verify the authenticity of the SingleStore file.

    echo -n undefined |
        cosign verify-blob --certificate-oidc-issuer https://oidc.eks.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/id/CCDCDBA1379A5596AB5B2E46DCA385BC \
          --certificate-identity https://kubernetes.io/namespaces/freya-production/serviceaccounts/job-worker \
          --bundle undefined \
          --new-bundle-format -
    Verified OK